* physical end of the medium.)
   *
   * @since 8.0
   */
  public static final byte EM = 25;

  /**
   * Substitute: A character that may be substituted for a character which is determined to be
   * invalid or in error.
   *
   * @since 8.0
   */
  public static final byte SUB = 26;

  /**

   *     null} is treated as the four-character string {@code "null"}.
   * @param args the arguments to be substituted into the message template. The first argument
   *     specified is substituted for the first occurrence of {@code "%s"} in the template, and so
   *     forth. A {@code null} argument is converted to the four-character string {@code "null"};

   * object behaves appropriately when its thread is interrupted.
   *
   * <p>For example, to return the value of {@code target.someMethod()}, but substitute {@code
   * DEFAULT_VALUE} if this method call takes over 50 ms, you can use this code:
   *
   * <pre>
   *   TimeLimiter limiter = . . .;
   *   TargetType proxy = limiter.newProxy(

   *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
   *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
   * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message template. Arguments
   *     are converted to strings using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
   */
  public static void checkArgument(

   *     null} is treated as the four-character string {@code "null"}.
   * @param args the arguments to be substituted into the message template. The first argument
   *     specified is substituted for the first occurrence of {@code "%s"} in the template, and so
   *     forth. A {@code null} argument is converted to the four-character string {@code "null"};

   *     errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc. Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in
   *     square braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
   * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message template. Arguments
   *     are converted to strings using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
   * @throws VerifyException if {@code expression} is {@code false}

 * <ul>
 *   <li>The raw {@code long} values returned by {@code nanoTime} are meaningless and unsafe to use
 *       in any other way than how {@code Stopwatch} uses them.
 *   <li>An alternative source of nanosecond ticks can be substituted, for example for testing or
 *       performance reasons, without affecting most of your code.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>The one downside of {@code Stopwatch} relative to {@link System#nanoTime()} is that {@code

 *
 * <p>Java's baked-in concept of hash codes is constrained to 32 bits, and provides no separation
 * between hash algorithms and the data they act on, so alternate hash algorithms can't be easily
 * substituted. Also, implementations of {@code hashCode} tend to be poor-quality, in part because
 * they end up depending on <i>other</i> existing poor-quality {@code hashCode} implementations,
 * including those in many JDK classes.
 *

   * escaper to escape attribute values. Use {@link #xmlContentEscaper} if the output can appear in
   * element content or {@link #xmlAttributeEscaper} in attribute values.
   *
   * <p>This escaper substitutes {@code 0xFFFD} for non-whitespace control characters and the
   * character values {@code 0xFFFE} and {@code 0xFFFF} which are not permitted in XML. For more

 * @author Chris Povirk
 * @since 2.0
 */
@GwtCompatible(emulated = true)
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault
public final class Sets {
  private Sets() {}

  /**
   * {@link AbstractSet} substitute without the potentially-quadratic {@code removeAll}
   * implementation.
   */
  abstract static class ImprovedAbstractSet<E extends @Nullable Object> extends AbstractSet<E> {
    @Override