checkNonNegative("x", x);
    int sqrtFloor = sqrtFloor(x);
    switch (mode) {
      case UNNECESSARY:
        checkRoundingUnnecessary(sqrtFloor * sqrtFloor == x); // fall through
      case FLOOR:
      case DOWN:
        return sqrtFloor;
      case CEILING:
      case UP:
        return sqrtFloor + lessThanBranchFree(sqrtFloor * sqrtFloor, x);
      case HALF_DOWN:
      case HALF_UP:

                && sqrtFloor.pow(2).equals(x); // slow exact check
        return sqrtFloorIsExact ? sqrtFloor : sqrtFloor.add(BigInteger.ONE);
      case HALF_DOWN:
      case HALF_UP:
      case HALF_EVEN:
        BigInteger halfSquare = sqrtFloor.pow(2).add(sqrtFloor);
        /*
         * We wish to test whether or not x <= (sqrtFloor + 0.5)^2 = halfSquare + 0.25. Since both x

         *            sqrtFloor^2 <= x < (sqrtFloor + 1)^2
         * halfSquare - sqrtFloor <= x < halfSquare + sqrtFloor + 1
         * so |x - halfSquare| <= sqrtFloor.  Therefore, it's safe to treat x - halfSquare as a
         * signed long, so lessThanBranchFree is safe for use.
         */
        return sqrtFloor + lessThanBranchFree(halfSquare, x);
    }
    throw new AssertionError();

  public void testSqrtExactMatchesFloorOrThrows() {
    for (long x : POSITIVE_LONG_CANDIDATES) {
      long sqrtFloor = LongMath.sqrt(x, FLOOR);
      // We only expect an exception if x was not a perfect square.
      boolean isPerfectSquare = sqrtFloor * sqrtFloor == x;
      try {
        assertEquals(sqrtFloor, LongMath.sqrt(x, UNNECESSARY));
        assertTrue(isPerfectSquare);
      } catch (ArithmeticException e) {