And also after the `response` is generated, before returning it.

For example, you could add a custom header `X-Process-Time` containing the time in seconds that it took to process the request and generate a response:

```Python hl_lines="10  12-13"
{!../../../docs_src/middleware/tutorial001.py!}
```

## Other middlewares

```Python
my_user: User = User(id=3, name="John Doe", joined="2018-07-19")

second_user_data = {
    "id": 4,
    "name": "Mary",
    "joined": "2018-11-30",
}

my_second_user: User = User(**second_user_data)
```

!!! info
    `**second_user_data` bedeutet:

对于这些情况，你可以使用Python的技术，将 `dict` 与 `**dict_to_unpack` 解包：
```Python
old_dict = {
    "old key": "old value",
    "second old key": "second old value",
}
new_dict = {**old_dict, "new key": "new value"}
```

这里， new_dict 将包含来自 old_dict 的所有键值对加上新的键值对：
```python
{
    "old key": "old value",
    "second old key": "second old value",
    "new key": "new value",
}
```
您可以使用该技术在路径操作中重用一些预定义的响应，并将它们与其他自定义响应相结合。
**例如：**

```

これは以下のように用いられます:

```Python
my_user: User = User(id=3, name="John Doe", joined="2018-07-19")

second_user_data = {
    "id": 4,
    "name": "Mary",
    "joined": "2018-11-30",
}

my_second_user: User = User(**second_user_data)
```

!!! info "情報"
    `**second_user_data` は以下を意味します：

    `second_user_data`辞書のキーと値を直接、キーと値の引数として渡します。これは、`User(id=4, name="Mary", joined="2018-11-30")`と同等です。

### エディタのサポート

    response = client.post(
        "/users", json={"email": "******@****.***", "password": "secret"}
    )
    assert response.json() == {"email": "******@****.***"}


def test_filter_second_level_model():
    response = client.get("/pets/1")
    assert response.json() == {
        "name": "Nibbler",
        "owner": {"email": "******@****.***"},
    }


def test_list_of_models():

    * Si on compare Uvicorn, il faut le comparer à d'autre applications de serveurs comme Daphne, Hypercorn, uWSGI, etc.
* **Starlette** :
    * A les seconde meilleures performances après Uvicorn. Starlette utilise en réalité Uvicorn. De ce fait, il ne peut qu’être plus "lent" qu'Uvicorn car il requiert l'exécution de plus de code.

    github_event = PartialGitHubEvent.parse_raw(contents)

    # Avoid race conditions with multiple labels
    sleep_time = random.random() * 10  # random number between 0 and 10 seconds
    logging.info(
        f"Sleeping for {sleep_time} seconds to avoid "
        "race conditions and multiple comments"
    )
    time.sleep(sleep_time)

    # Get PR
    logging.debug(f"Processing PR: #{github_event.pull_request.number}")

```Python
from app.routers import items, users
```

!!! info
    The first version is a "relative import":

    ```Python
    from .routers import items, users
    ```

    The second version is an "absolute import":

    ```Python
    from app.routers import items, users
    ```

#### Dict

To define a `dict`, you pass 2 type parameters, separated by commas.

The first type parameter is for the keys of the `dict`.

The second type parameter is for the values of the `dict`:

=== "Python 3.9+"

    ```Python hl_lines="1"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008_py39.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+"

```Python
my_user: User = User(id=3, name="John Doe", joined="2018-07-19")

second_user_data = {
    "id": 4,
    "name": "Mary",
    "joined": "2018-11-30",
}

my_second_user: User = User(**second_user_data)
```

!!! info
    `**second_user_data` means:

    Pass the keys and values of the `second_user_data` dict directly as key-value arguments, equivalent to: `User(id=4, name="Mary", joined="2018-11-30")`