{!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
    ```

=== "🐍 3️⃣.6️⃣ & 🔛 - 🎛"

    ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009b.py!}
    ```

=== "🐍 3️⃣.1️⃣0️⃣ & 🔛"

    ```Python hl_lines="1"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
    ```

#### ⚙️ `Union` ⚖️ `Optional`

簡単な例から始めてみましょう:

```Python
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001.py!}
```

このプログラムを実行すると以下が出力されます:

```
John Doe
```

この関数は以下のようなことを行います:

* `first_name`と`last_name`を取得します。
* `title()`を用いて、それぞれの最初の文字を大文字に変換します。
* 真ん中にスペースを入れて<abbr title="次から次へと中身を入れて一つにまとめる">連結</abbr>します。

```Python hl_lines="2"
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001.py!}
```

### 編集

これはとても簡単なプログラムです。

    ```Python hl_lines="1"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+"

    ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+ alternative"

    ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009b.py!}
    ```

#### Using `Union` or `Optional`

    ```Python hl_lines="1"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+"

    ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+ alternative"

    ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009b.py!}
    ```

#### Sử dụng `Union` hay `Optional`

让我们从一个简单的例子开始：

```Python
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001.py!}
```

运行这段程序将输出：

```
John Doe
```

这个函数做了下面这些事情：

* 接收 `first_name` 和 `last_name` 参数。
* 通过 `title()` 将每个参数的第一个字母转换为大写形式。
* 中间用一个空格来<abbr title="将它们按顺序放置组合成一个整体。">拼接</abbr>它们。

```Python hl_lines="2"
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001.py!}
```

### 修改示例

这是一个非常简单的程序。

现在假设你将从头开始编写这段程序。

    ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8 і вище - альтернатива"

    ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009b.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.10 і вище"

    ```Python hl_lines="1"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
    ```

#### Generic типи

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial003.py!}
```

Поскольку редактор знает типы переменных, вы получаете не только дополнение, но и проверки ошибок:

<img src="/img/python-types/image04.png">

Теперь вы знаете, что вам нужно исправить, преобразовав `age` в строку с `str(age)`:

```Python hl_lines="2"
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial004.py!}
```

## Объявление типов

    ```Python hl_lines="1"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+"

    ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+ Alternative"

    ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009b.py!}
    ```

#### `Union` oder `Optional` verwenden?

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial003.py!}
```

Editör değişkenlerin tiplerini bildiğinden, yalnızca otomatik tamamlama değil, hata kontrolleri de sağlar:

<img src="/img/python-types/image04.png">

Artık `age` değişkenini `str(age)` olarak kullanmanız gerektiğini biliyorsunuz:

```Python hl_lines="2"
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial004.py!}
```

## Tip bildirme

{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial003.py!}
```

Como o editor conhece os tipos de variáveis, você não apenas obtém a conclusão, mas também as verificações de erro:

<img src="/img/python-types/image04.png">

Agora você sabe que precisa corrigí-lo, converta `age` em uma string com `str (age)`:

```Python hl_lines="2"
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial004.py!}
```

## Tipos de declaração