Blocking APIs may be inefficient because you hold a thread idle while waiting on the network. Threads are expensive because they have both a memory overhead and a context-switching overhead.

#### Framed protocols

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import java.util.Iterator;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * An iterator that transforms a backing iterator; for internal use. This avoids the object overhead
 * of constructing a {@link com.google.common.base.Function Function} for internal methods.
 *
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 */
@GwtCompatible

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    return delegate.hashCode();
  }

  private void validate() {
    // Don't use checkState(), because we don't want the overhead of generating the error message
    // unless it's actually going to be used; validate() is called for all set method calls, so it
    // needs to be fast.

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    return delegate.hashCode();
  }

  private void validate() {
    // Don't use checkState(), because we don't want the overhead of generating the error message
    // unless it's actually going to be used; validate() is called for all set method calls, so it
    // needs to be fast.

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import java.util.Iterator;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * An iterator that transforms a backing iterator; for internal use. This avoids the object overhead
 * of constructing a {@link com.google.common.base.Function Function} for internal methods.
 *
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 */
@GwtCompatible

            private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

            @Override
            public int getCrawlingThreadCount() {
                return 1; // Reduced from 2 to minimize thread overhead
            }

            @Override
            public String getIndexFieldConfigId() {
                return "config_id";
            }

            @Override

   * intended to be used as a metric: smaller headers are more efficient to encode and transmit.
   */
  fun byteCount(): Long {
    // Each header name has 2 bytes of overhead for ': ' and every header value has 2 bytes of
    // overhead for '\r\n'.
    var result = (namesAndValues.size * 2).toLong()

    for (i in 0 until namesAndValues.size) {
      result += namesAndValues[i].length.toLong()
    }

 *
 * @author David Richter
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class IteratorBenchmark {
  @Param({"0", "1", "16", "256", "4096", "65536"})
  int size;

  // use concrete classes to remove any possible polymorphic overhead?
  Object[] array;
  ArrayList<Object> arrayList;
  LinkedList<Object> linkedList;

  @BeforeExperiment
  void setUp() {
    array = new Object[size];
    arrayList = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(size);

import com.google.caliper.Param;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Random;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * A benchmark to determine the overhead of sorting with {@link Ordering#from(Comparator)}, or with
 * {@link Ordering#natural()}, as opposed to using the inlined {@link Arrays#sort(Object[])}
 * implementation, which uses {@link Comparable#compareTo} directly.
 *

   *
   * <p>Although all tasks are immediately executed in the thread that submitted the task, this
   * {@code ExecutorService} imposes a small locking overhead on each task submission in order to
   * implement shutdown and termination behavior.
   *
   * <p>Because of the nature of single-thread execution, the methods {@code scheduleAtFixedRate}