When you add multiple middlewares using either `@app.middleware()` decorator or `app.add_middleware()` method, each new middleware wraps the application, forming a stack. The last middleware added is the *outermost*, and the first is the *innermost*.

On the request path, the *outermost* middleware runs first.

On the response path, it runs last.

For example:

```Python
app.add_middleware(MiddlewareA)
app.add_middleware(MiddlewareB)
```

    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
      SettableFuture<String> curr = SettableFuture.create();
      prev.setFuture(curr);
      prev = curr;
    }
    // orig represents the 'outermost' future
    assertThat(orig.toString())
        .contains("Exception thrown from implementation: class java.lang.StackOverflowError");
  }

  public void testSetFuture_misbehavingFutureThrows() throws Exception {

    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
      SettableFuture<String> curr = SettableFuture.create();
      prev.setFuture(curr);
      prev = curr;
    }
    // orig represents the 'outermost' future
    assertThat(orig.toString())
        .contains("Exception thrown from implementation: class java.lang.StackOverflowError");
  }

  public void testSetFuture_misbehavingFutureThrows() throws Exception {

address, even if this is not a leaf function.
Only valid on functions that declare a frame size of 0.
</li>
<li>
<code>TOPFRAME</code> = 2048
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Function is the outermost frame of the call stack. Traceback should stop at this function.
</li>
</ul>

<h3 id="special-instructions">Special instructions</h3>

<p>

eMap","postMap","preexisting","contexts","multipleContexts","matcherIn","matcherFromTokens","checkContext","leadingRelative","implicitRelative","matchContext","matchAnyContext","elementMatchers","setMatchers","bySet","byElement","superMatcher","outermost","matchedCount","setMatched","contextBackup","dirrunsUnique","token","compiled","filters","unique","getText","isXML","selectors","until","truncate","is","siblings","n","rneedsContext","rsingleTag","winnow","qualifier","self","rootjQuery","parseH...

eMap","postMap","preexisting","contexts","multipleContexts","matcherIn","matcherFromTokens","checkContext","leadingRelative","implicitRelative","matchContext","matchAnyContext","elementMatchers","setMatchers","bySet","byElement","superMatcher","outermost","matchedCount","setMatched","contextBackup","dirrunsUnique","token","compiled","filters","unique","getText","isXML","selectors","until","truncate","is","siblings","n","rneedsContext","rsingleTag","winnow","qualifier","self","rootjQuery","parseH...