# Copy of Pydantic v2, compatible with v1
def lenient_issubclass(
    cls: Any, class_or_tuple: Union[type[Any], tuple[type[Any], ...], None]
) -> bool:
    try:
        return isinstance(cls, type) and issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    except TypeError:  # pragma: no cover
        if isinstance(cls, WithArgsTypes):
            return False
        raise  # pragma: no cover

        warnings.simplefilter("always")
        client.get("/openapi.json")
        assert len(w) >= 2
        duplicate_warnings = [
            warning for warning in w if issubclass(warning.category, UserWarning)
        ]
        assert len(duplicate_warnings) > 0

        for union_arg in union_args:
            if union_arg is type(None):
                continue
            origin_type = get_origin(union_arg) or union_arg
            break
    assert issubclass(origin_type, shared.sequence_types)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    return shared.sequence_annotation_to_type[origin_type](value)  # type: ignore[no-any-return,index]

def test_openapi():
    client = TestClient(app)
    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
        warnings.simplefilter("always")
        response = client.get("/openapi.json")
        assert issubclass(w[-1].category, UserWarning)
        assert "Duplicate Operation ID" in str(w[-1].message)
    assert response.json() == {
        "openapi": "3.1.0",
        "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},

import com.google.common.eventbus.Subscribe;
import com.google.common.eventbus.outside.AbstractNotAnnotatedInSuperclassTest.SubClass;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class AbstractNotAnnotatedInSuperclassTest extends AbstractEventBusTest<SubClass> {
  abstract static class SuperClass {
    public abstract void overriddenInSubclassNowhereAnnotated(Object o);

import com.google.common.eventbus.Subscribe;
import com.google.common.eventbus.outside.AbstractNotAnnotatedInSuperclassTest.SubClass;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class AbstractNotAnnotatedInSuperclassTest extends AbstractEventBusTest<SubClass> {
  abstract static class SuperClass {
    public abstract void overriddenInSubclassNowhereAnnotated(Object o);

        // The raw class isn't even a subclass.
      }
    }
    if (!spec.suppressGetSupertype()) {
      try {
        assertThat(getSupertype(paramType, TypeToken.of(returnType).getRawType()))
            .isNotEqualTo(returnType);
      } catch (IllegalArgumentException notSubtype2) {
        // The raw class isn't even a subclass.
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

And tools will also be happy because both `RedirectResponse` and `JSONResponse` are subclasses of `Response`, so the type annotation is correct.

### Annotate a Response Subclass { #annotate-a-response-subclass }

You can also use a subclass of `Response` in the type annotation:

/// note | Technical Details

Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next create objects of subclasses of a common `Param` class, which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `FieldInfo` class.

And Pydantic's `Field` returns an instance of `FieldInfo` as well.

`Body` also returns objects of a subclass of `FieldInfo` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of the `Body` class.

* Automatically logging all request bodies.

## Handling custom request body encodings { #handling-custom-request-body-encodings }

Let's see how to make use of a custom `Request` subclass to decompress gzip requests.

And an `APIRoute` subclass to use that custom request class.

### Create a custom `GzipRequest` class { #create-a-custom-gziprequest-class }

/// tip