NavigableMap<String, String> innermost = new SafeTreeMap<>();
                    for (Entry<String, String> entry : entries) {
                      innermost.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
                    }
                    TestMap<String, String> inner = new TestMap<>(innermost, mutex);

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should handle deeply nested exceptions")
        void testToStringWithNestedExceptions() {
            Exception innermost = new IOException("Innermost exception");
            Exception middle = new RuntimeException("Middle exception", innermost);
            Exception rootCause = new IllegalStateException("Outer exception", middle);

When you add multiple middlewares using either `@app.middleware()` decorator or `app.add_middleware()` method, each new middleware wraps the application, forming a stack. The last middleware added is the *outermost*, and the first is the *innermost*.

On the request path, the *outermost* middleware runs first.

On the response path, it runs last.

For example:

```Python
app.add_middleware(MiddlewareA)
app.add_middleware(MiddlewareB)
```

            high--;
          } while (array[high] > partition);
          if (high < low) {
            break; // Pointers crossed. Partitioning complete.
          }
          swap(array, low, high); // End of innermost loop.
        }
        array[from + 1] = array[high]; // Insert partitioning element.
        array[high] = partition;

        // Continue the partition that contains the kth element.
        if (high >= k) {

            high--;
          } while (array[high] > partition);
          if (high < low) {
            break; // Pointers crossed. Partitioning complete.
          }
          swap(array, low, high); // End of innermost loop.
        }
        array[from + 1] = array[high]; // Insert partitioning element.
        array[high] = partition;

        // Continue the partition that contains the kth element.
        if (high >= k) {

  @GwtIncompatible
  @Deprecated
  public static RuntimeException propagate(Throwable throwable) {
    throwIfUnchecked(throwable);
    throw new RuntimeException(throwable);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the innermost cause of {@code throwable}. The first throwable in a chain provides
   * context from when the error or exception was initially detected. Example usage:
   *
   * <pre>

  @GwtIncompatible
  @Deprecated
  public static RuntimeException propagate(Throwable throwable) {
    throwIfUnchecked(throwable);
    throw new RuntimeException(throwable);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the innermost cause of {@code throwable}. The first throwable in a chain provides
   * context from when the error or exception was initially detected. Example usage:
   *
   * <pre>

    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
      SettableFuture<String> curr = SettableFuture.create();
      prev.setFuture(curr);
      prev = curr;
    }
    // prev represents the 'innermost' future
    prev.set("done");
    assertTrue(orig.isDone());
  }

  // Verify that StackOverflowError in a long chain of SetFuture doesn't cause the entire toString
  // call to fail
  @J2ktIncompatible

    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
      SettableFuture<String> curr = SettableFuture.create();
      prev.setFuture(curr);
      prev = curr;
    }
    // prev represents the 'innermost' future
    prev.set("done");
    assertTrue(orig.isDone());
  }

  // Verify that StackOverflowError in a long chain of SetFuture doesn't cause the entire toString
  // call to fail
  @J2ktIncompatible

`@app.middleware()` decorator'ü veya `app.add_middleware()` metodu ile birden fazla middleware eklediğinizde, eklenen her yeni middleware uygulamayı sarar ve bir stack oluşturur. En son eklenen middleware en *dıştaki* (outermost), ilk eklenen ise en *içteki* (innermost) olur.

Request tarafında önce en *dıştaki* middleware çalışır.

Response tarafında ise en son o çalışır.

Örneğin:

```Python
app.add_middleware(MiddlewareA)
app.add_middleware(MiddlewareB)
```