* java.nio.file.Files#newBufferedReader(java.nio.file.Path, Charset)}.
   *
   * @param file the file to read from
   * @param charset the charset used to decode the input stream; see {@link StandardCharsets} for
   *     helpful predefined constants
   * @return the buffered reader
   */
  public static BufferedReader newReader(File file, Charset charset) throws FileNotFoundException {
    checkNotNull(file);
    checkNotNull(charset);

import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collector;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;

/**
 * Provides static methods for working with {@link Comparator} instances. For many other helpful
 * comparator utilities, see either {@code Comparator} itself (for Java 8+), or {@code
 * com.google.common.collect.Ordering} (otherwise).
 *
 * <h3>Relationship to {@code Ordering}</h3>
 *

import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collector;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;

/**
 * Provides static methods for working with {@link Comparator} instances. For many other helpful
 * comparator utilities, see either {@code Comparator} itself (for Java 8+), or {@code
 * com.google.common.collect.Ordering} (otherwise).
 *
 * <h3>Relationship to {@code Ordering}</h3>
 *

    if (second != null) {
      return second;
    }
    throw new NullPointerException("Both parameters are null");
  }

  /**
   * Creates an instance of {@link ToStringHelper}.
   *
   * <p>This is helpful for implementing {@link Object#toString()}. Specification by example:
   *
   * <pre>{@code
   * // Returns "ClassName{}"
   * MoreObjects.toStringHelper(this)
   *     .toString();
   *

   * Reads all characters from a URL into a {@link String}, using the given character set.
   *
   * @param url the URL to read from
   * @param charset the charset used to decode the input stream; see {@link Charsets} for helpful
   *     predefined constants
   * @return a string containing all the characters from the URL
   * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs.
   */

    if (second != null) {
      return second;
    }
    throw new NullPointerException("Both parameters are null");
  }

  /**
   * Creates an instance of {@link ToStringHelper}.
   *
   * <p>This is helpful for implementing {@link Object#toString()}. Specification by example:
   *
   * <pre>{@code
   * // Returns "ClassName{}"
   * MoreObjects.toStringHelper(this)
   *     .toString();
   *

        }
        checkExceptionClassValidity(exceptionClass);

        /*
         * It's very unlikely that any loaded Futures class will see getChecked called with more
         * than a handful of exceptions. But it seems prudent to set a cap on how many we'll cache.
         * This avoids out-of-control memory consumption, and it keeps the cache from growing so

   * can't be constructed at all.)
   *
   * <p>Note that certain discrete ranges such as the integer range {@code (3..4)} are <b>not</b>
   * considered empty, even though they contain no actual values. In these cases, it may be helpful
   * to preprocess ranges with {@link #canonical(DiscreteDomain)}.
   */
  public boolean isEmpty() {
    return lowerBound.equals(upperBound);
  }

  /**