for i, testCase := range testCases {
		// initialize HTTP NewRecorder, this records any mutations to response writer inside the handler.
		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
		req, lerr := newTestSignedRequestV4(http.MethodGet, getListBucketURL(""), 0, nil, testCase.accessKey, testCase.secretKey, nil)
		if lerr != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Test %d: %s: Failed to create HTTP request for ListBucketsHandler: <ERROR> %v", i+1, instanceType, lerr)
		}

	vals := make(url.Values)
	vals.Set("versioning", "")
	return makeTestTargetURL(endPoint, bucketName, "", vals)
}

// return URL for listing buckets.
func getListBucketURL(endPoint string) string {
	return makeTestTargetURL(endPoint, "", "", url.Values{})
}

// return URL for HEAD on the bucket.
func getHEADBucketURL(endPoint, bucketName string) string {

	response, err := s.client.Do(request)
	c.Assert(err, nil)
	c.Assert(response.StatusCode, http.StatusOK)

	// create HTTP request for listing buckets.
	request, err = newTestSignedRequest(http.MethodGet, getListBucketURL(s.endPoint),
		0, nil, s.accessKey, s.secretKey, s.signer)
	c.Assert(err, nil)

	// execute the HTTP request to list buckets.
	response, err = s.client.Do(request)
	c.Assert(err, nil)