These types that have internal types are called "**generic**" types. And it's possible to declare them, even with their internal types.

To declare those types and the internal types, you can use the standard Python module `typing`. It exists specifically to support these type hints.

#### Newer versions of Python

The syntax using `typing` is **compatible** with all versions, from Python 3.6 to the latest ones, including Python 3.9, Python 3.10, etc.

# Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons

What inspired **FastAPI**, how it compares to alternatives and what it learned from them.

## Intro

**FastAPI** wouldn't exist if not for the previous work of others.

There have been many tools created before that have helped inspire its creation.

il existe de nombreux outils compatibles.

Grâce à cela, **FastAPI** lui-même fournit une documentation alternative (utilisant ReDoc), qui peut être lue
sur <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a> :

<img src="/img/tutorial/path-params/image02.png">

次の章では、FastAPIアプリケーションをデプロイするための**具体的なレシピ**を紹介します。

しかし、今はこれらの重要な**コンセプトに基づくアイデア**を確認しましょう。これらのコンセプトは、他のどのタイプのWeb APIにも当てはまります。💡

## セキュリティ - HTTPS

<!-- NOTE: https.md written in Japanese does not exist, so it redirects to English one  -->
[前チャプターのHTTPSについて](https.md){.internal-link target=_blank}では、HTTPSがどのようにAPIを暗号化するのかについて学びました。

通常、アプリケーションサーバにとって**外部の**コンポーネントである**TLS Termination Proxy**によって提供されることが一般的です。このプロキシは通信の暗号化を担当します。

* Generazione di una documentazione dell'API interattiva, con scelta dell'interfaccia grafica:
    * Swagger UI.
    * ReDoc.

---

Tornando al precedente esempio, **FastAPI**:

* Validerà che esiste un `item_id` nel percorso delle richieste `GET` e `PUT`.
* Validerà che `item_id` sia di tipo `int` per le richieste `GET` e `PUT`.
    * Se non lo è, il client vedrà un errore chiaro e utile.

Both of these dependencies will just return an HTTP error if the user doesn't exist, or if is inactive.

So, in our endpoint, we will only get a user if the user exists, was correctly authenticated, and is active:

=== "Python 3.10+"

    ```Python hl_lines="58-66  69-74  94"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/security/tutorial003_an_py310.py!}

!!! warning "Aviso"
    A maneira recomendada para lidar com a *inicialização* e o *encerramento* é usando o parâmetro `lifespan` da aplicação `FastAPI` como descrito acima.

    Você provavelmente pode pular essa parte.

Existe uma forma alternativa para definir a execução dessa lógica durante *inicialização* e durante *encerramento*.

    * ReDoc.

---

Volviendo al ejemplo de código anterior, **FastAPI** va a:

* Validar que existe un `item_id` en el path para requests usando `GET` y `PUT`.
* Validar que el `item_id` es del tipo `int` para requests de tipo `GET` y `PUT`.
    * Si no lo es, el cliente verá un mensaje de error útil y claro.

I'll tell you a bit more about these **concepts** here, and that would hopefully give you the **intuition** you would need to decide how to deploy your API in very different environments, possibly even in **future** ones that don't exist yet.

By considering these concepts, you will be able to **evaluate and design** the best way to deploy **your own APIs**.

In the next chapters, I'll give you more **concrete recipes** to deploy FastAPI applications.

* find the module `dependencies` (an imaginary file at `app/routers/dependencies.py`)...
* and from it, import the function `get_token_header`.

But that file doesn't exist, our dependencies are in a file at `app/dependencies.py`.

Remember how our app/file structure looks like:

<img src="/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/package.svg">

---

The two dots `..`, like in: