Para esos casos, puedes usar el `jsonable_encoder` para convertir tus datos antes de pasarlos a la respuesta:

```Python hl_lines="4 6 20 21"
{!../../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial001.py!}
```

!!! note "Detalles Técnicos"
    También puedes usar `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`.

例如，如果不首先将 Pydantic 模型转换为 `dict`，并将所有数据类型（如 `datetime`、`UUID` 等）转换为兼容 JSON 的类型，则不能将其放入JSONResponse中。

对于这些情况，在将数据传递给响应之前，你可以使用 `jsonable_encoder` 来转换你的数据。


```Python hl_lines="4 6 20 21"
{!../../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial001.py!}
```

!!! note "技术细节"
    你也可以使用 `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`。

    出于方便，**FastAPI** 会提供与 `starlette.responses` 相同的 `fastapi.responses` 给开发者。但是大多数可用的响应都直接来自 Starlette。

例えば、Pydanticモデルを `JSONResponse` に含めるには、すべてのデータ型 (`datetime` や `UUID` など) をJSON互換の型に変換された `dict` に変換しなければなりません。

このようなケースでは、レスポンスにデータを含める前に `jsonable_encoder` を使ってデータを変換できます。

```Python hl_lines="6-7  21-22"
{!../../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial001.py!}
```

!!! note "技術詳細"
    また、`from starlette.responses import JSONResponse` も利用できます。

不过，仍可以验证、转换与注释（使用 Pydantic 模型的请求体等）其它正常声明的参数。

但在某些特定情况下，还是需要提取 `Request` 对象。

## 直接使用 `Request` 对象

假设要在*路径操作函数*中获取客户端 IP 地址和主机。

此时，需要直接访问请求。

```Python hl_lines="1  7-8"
{!../../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001.py!}
```

把*路径操作函数*的参数类型声明为 `Request`，**FastAPI** 就能把 `Request` 传递到参数里。

!!! tip "提示"

    注意，本例除了声明请求参数之外，还声明了路径参数。

    因此，能够提取、验证路径参数、并转换为指定类型，还可以用 OpenAPI 注释。

## `HTTPSRedirectMiddleware`

Enforces that all incoming requests must either be `https` or `wss`.

Any incoming requests to `http` or `ws` will be redirected to the secure scheme instead.

```Python hl_lines="2  6"
{!../../../docs_src/advanced_middleware/tutorial001.py!}
```

# `Request` class

You can declare a parameter in a *path operation function* or dependency to be of type `Request` and then you can access the raw request object directly, without any validation, etc.

You can import it directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import Request
```

!!! tip

* **Uvicorn**:
    * Will have the best performance, as it doesn't have much extra code apart from the server itself.

Remember that dependencies can have sub-dependencies?

`get_current_user` will have a dependency with the same `oauth2_scheme` we created before.

The same as we were doing before in the *path operation* directly, our new dependency `get_current_user` will receive a `token` as a `str` from the sub-dependency `oauth2_scheme`:

=== "Python 3.10+"

    ```Python hl_lines="25"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/security/tutorial002_an_py310.py!}

You can declare a parameter in a *path operation function* or dependency function with the type `BackgroundTasks`, and then you can use it to schedule the execution of background tasks after the response is sent.

You can import it directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import BackgroundTasks
```

    This allows you to use `pytest` directly without complications.

!!! note "Technical Details"
    You could also use `from starlette.testclient import TestClient`.

    **FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.testclient` as `fastapi.testclient` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But it comes directly from Starlette.

!!! tip