def ring = createKeyRing()
        def minId = new BigInteger(Fingerprint.of(mustBeAfter).toString(), 16)
        // This loop is just to avoid some flakiness in tests which
        // expect error messages in a certain order
        while (new BigInteger(Fingerprint.of(ring.publicKey).toString(), 16) < minId) {
            ring = createKeyRing()
        }
        ring
    }