# Using the Request Directly

Up to now, you have been declaring the parts of the request that you need with their types.

Taking data from:

* The path as parameters.
* Headers.
* Cookies.
* etc.

And by doing so, **FastAPI** is validating that data, converting it and generating documentation for your API automatically.

But there are situations where you might need to access the `Request` object directly.

不过，仍可以验证、转换与注释（使用 Pydantic 模型的请求体等）其它正常声明的参数。

但在某些特定情况下，还是需要提取 `Request` 对象。

## 直接使用 `Request` 对象

假设要在*路径操作函数*中获取客户端 IP 地址和主机。

此时，需要直接访问请求。

```Python hl_lines="1  7-8"
{!../../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001.py!}
```

把*路径操作函数*的参数类型声明为 `Request`，**FastAPI** 就能把 `Request` 传递到参数里。

!!! tip "提示"

    注意，本例除了声明请求参数之外，还声明了路径参数。

    因此，能够提取、验证路径参数、并转换为指定类型，还可以用 OpenAPI 注释。

Angenommen, Sie möchten auf die IP-Adresse/den Host des Clients in Ihrer *Pfadoperation-Funktion* zugreifen.

Dazu müssen Sie direkt auf den Request zugreifen.

```Python hl_lines="1  7-8"
{!../../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001.py!}
```

Durch die Deklaration eines *Pfadoperation-Funktionsparameters*, dessen Typ der `Request` ist, weiß **FastAPI**, dass es den `Request` diesem Parameter übergeben soll.

!!! tip "Tipp"

✋️ 📤 🎯 💼 🌐❔ ⚫️ ⚠ 🤚 `Request` 🎚.

## ⚙️ `Request` 🎚 🔗

➡️ 🌈 👆 💚 🤚 👩‍💻 📢 📢/🦠 🔘 👆 *➡ 🛠️ 🔢*.

👈 👆 💪 🔐 📨 🔗.

```Python hl_lines="1  7-8"
{!../../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001.py!}
```

📣 *➡ 🛠️ 🔢* 🔢 ⏮️ 🆎 ➖ `Request` **FastAPI** 🔜 💭 🚶‍♀️ `Request` 👈 🔢.

!!! tip
    🗒 👈 👉 💼, 👥 📣 ➡ 🔢 ⤴️ 📨 🔢.

    , ➡ 🔢 🔜 ⚗, ✔, 🗜 ✔ 🆎 & ✍ ⏮️ 🗄.

# ADR-0002 - Avoid using Java serialization

## Date

2012-12-01

## Context

In Gradle we often need to serialize in-memory objects for caching, or to transmit them across process barriers, etc.
Java serialization is one way to implement this, however, despite its simplicity of implementation, it has several drawbacks:

- **Performance:**
Java's built-in serialization mechanism is often slower compared to other serialization solutions.

This section describes how to generate a self-signed certificate using various tools:

* 3.1 [Use certgen to Generate a Certificate](#using-go)
* 3.2 [Use OpenSSL to Generate a Certificate](#using-open-ssl)
* 3.3 [Use OpenSSL (with IP address) to Generate a Certificate](#using-open-ssl-with-ip)
* 3.4 [Use GnuTLS (for Windows) to Generate a Certificate](#using-gnu-tls)

**Note:**

# Async Tests

You have already seen how to test your **FastAPI** applications using the provided `TestClient`. Up to now, you have only seen how to write synchronous tests, without using `async` functions.

Traditional retrieval of objects is always as whole entities, i.e GetObject for a 5 GiB object, will always return 5 GiB of data. S3 Select API allows us to retrieve a subset of data by using simple SQL expressions. By using Select API to retrieve only the data needed by the application, drastic performance improvements can be achieved.

You can use the Select API to query objects with following features:

## Code Examples

[Using minio-go library](https://github.com/minio/minio/blob/master/docs/extensions/s3zip/examples/minio-go/main.go)
[Using AWS JS SDK v2](https://github.com/minio/minio/blob/master/docs/extensions/s3zip/examples/aws-js/main.js)
[Using boto3](https://github.com/minio/minio/blob/master/docs/extensions/s3zip/examples/boto3/main.py)

      tag: T?,
    ): Builder = commonTag(type, type.cast(tag))

    /** Attaches [tag] to the request using `Object.class` as a key. */
    open fun tag(tag: Any?): Builder = commonTag(Any::class, tag)

    /**
     * Attaches [tag] to the request using [type] as a key. Tags can be read from a
     * request using [Request.tag]. Use null to remove any existing tag assigned for [type].
     *