}
        return pop(stack);
      }

      <E extends @Nullable Object> void push(List<E> stack, E value) {
        stack.add(value);
      }

      <E extends @Nullable Object> E pop(List<E> stack) {
        return stack.remove(stack.size() - 1);
      }
    };

    abstract <T extends @Nullable Object, A extends @Nullable Object, R extends @Nullable Object>

    private final Deque<Iterator<T>> stack;

    PreOrderIterator(T root) {
      this.stack = new ArrayDeque<>();
      stack.addLast(Iterators.singletonIterator(checkNotNull(root)));
    }

    @Override
    public boolean hasNext() {
      return !stack.isEmpty();
    }

    @Override
    public T next() {
      Iterator<T> itr = stack.getLast(); // throws NSEE if empty

  /** Logger to log exceptions caught when running runnables. */
  private static final LazyLogger log = new LazyLogger(ExecutionList.class);

  /**
   * The runnable, executor pairs to execute. This acts as a stack threaded through the {@link
   * RunnableExecutorPair#next} field.
   */
  @GuardedBy("this")
  @CheckForNull
  private RunnableExecutorPair runnables;

  @GuardedBy("this")
  private boolean executed;

      super(message);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized Throwable fillInStackTrace() {
      setStackTrace(new StackTraceElement[0]);
      return this; // no stack trace, wouldn't be useful anyway
    }
  }

  @Override
  @CheckForNull
  protected String pendingToString() {
    ListenableFuture<? extends V> localInputFuture = delegateRef;