That means that, clients using your API don't have to check if the value exists or not, they can **assume the field will always be there**, but just that in some cases it will have the default value of `None`.

The way to describe this in OpenAPI, is to mark that field as **required**, because it will always be there.

Because of that, the JSON Schema for a model can be different depending on if it's used for **input or output**:

This is similar to the 200 HTTP status codes (from 200 to 299). Those "200" status codes mean that somehow there was a "success" in the request.

The status codes in the 400 range mean that there was an error from the client.

Remember all those **"404 Not Found"** errors (and jokes)?

## Use `HTTPException`

* `openapi_url`: the URL where the HTML page for the docs can get the OpenAPI schema for your API. You can use here the attribute `app.openapi_url`.
* `title`: the title of your API.
* `oauth2_redirect_url`: you can use `app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url` here to use the default.
* `swagger_js_url`: the URL where the HTML for your Swagger UI docs can get the **JavaScript** file. This is the custom CDN URL.

This is in contrast to the **development** stages, where you are constantly changing the code, breaking it and fixing it, stopping and restarting the development server, etc.

## Deployment Strategies

There are several ways to do it depending on your specific use case and the tools that you use.

    {!> ../../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial005.py!}
    ```

## Number validations: floats, greater than and less than

Number validations also work for `float` values.

## Overriding dependencies during testing

There are some scenarios where you might want to override a dependency during testing.

You don't want the original dependency to run (nor any of the sub-dependencies it might have).

Instead, you want to provide a different dependency that will be used only during tests (possibly only some specific tests), and will provide a value that can be used where the value of the original dependency was used.

Adding a **middleware** here is similar to what a dependency with `yield` does, with some differences:

* It requires more code and is a bit more complex.
* The middleware has to be an `async` function.
    * If there is code in it that has to "wait" for the network, it could "block" your application there and degrade performance a bit.
    * Although it's probably not very problematic here with the way `SQLAlchemy` works.

            f"The portal gun is too dangerous to be owned by {username}"
        )
    if item_id != "plumbus":
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=404, detail="Item not found, there's only a plumbus here"
        )

```Python
with open("file.txt") as file:
    file.read()
```

In recent versions of Python, there's also an **async context manager**. You would use it with `async with`:

```Python
async with lifespan(app):
    await do_stuff()
```

    ```

And all of them can use `yield`.

In this case `dependency_c`, to execute its exit code, needs the value from `dependency_b` (here named `dep_b`) to still be available.

And, in turn, `dependency_b` needs the value from `dependency_a` (here named `dep_a`) to be available for its exit code.

=== "Python 3.9+"

    ```Python hl_lines="18-19  26-27"