// proceed. Doing this immediately here lets the next task run without waiting for
            // the cancelled task's executor to run the noop AsyncCallable.
            //
            // ---
            //
            // If the CAS fails, the provided callable already started running (or it is about
            // to). Our contract promises:
            //

    @Override
    protected void doStart() {
      notifyStarted();
    }

    @Override
    protected void doStop() {
      notifyStopped();
    }
  }

  /*
   * A NoOp service that will delay the startup and shutdown notification for a configurable amount
   * of time.
   */
  private static class NoOpDelayedService extends NoOpService {
    private long delay;

    @Override
    protected void doStart() {
      notifyStarted();
    }

    @Override
    protected void doStop() {
      notifyStopped();
    }
  }

  /*
   * A NoOp service that will delay the startup and shutdown notification for a configurable amount
   * of time.
   */
  private static class NoOpDelayedService extends NoOpService {
    private long delay;

   * </pre>
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if there is a loop in the causal chain
   */
  public static Throwable getRootCause(Throwable throwable) {
    // Keep a second pointer that slowly walks the causal chain. If the fast pointer ever catches
    // the slower pointer, then there's a loop.
    Throwable slowPointer = throwable;
    boolean advanceSlowPointer = false;

   * </pre>
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if there is a loop in the causal chain
   */
  public static Throwable getRootCause(Throwable throwable) {
    // Keep a second pointer that slowly walks the causal chain. If the fast pointer ever catches
    // the slower pointer, then there's a loop.
    Throwable slowPointer = throwable;
    boolean advanceSlowPointer = false;

    int utf16Length = sequence.length();
    int utf8Length = utf16Length;
    int i = 0;

    // This loop optimizes for pure ASCII.
    while (i < utf16Length && sequence.charAt(i) < 0x80) {
      i++;
    }

    // This loop optimizes for chars less than 0x800.
    for (; i < utf16Length; i++) {
      char c = sequence.charAt(i);
      if (c < 0x800) {

  private static void testBytes(int numBytes, long expectedCount) {
    testBytes(numBytes, expectedCount, 0, -1);
  }

  /**
   * Helper to run the loop to test all the permutations for the number of bytes specified. This
   * overload is useful for debugging to get the loop to start at a certain character.
   *
   * @param numBytes the number of bytes in the byte array

    GraphConnections<N, V> connections = nodeConnections.get(node);
    if (connections == null) {
      return false;
    }

    if (allowsSelfLoops()) {
      // Remove self-loop (if any) first, so we don't get CME while removing incident edges.
      if (connections.removeSuccessor(node) != null) {
        connections.removePredecessor(node);
        --edgeCount;
      }
    }

            high--;
          } while (array[high] > partition);
          if (high < low) {
            break; // Pointers crossed. Partitioning complete.
          }
          swap(array, low, high); // End of innermost loop.
        }
        array[from + 1] = array[high]; // Insert partitioning element.
        array[high] = partition;

        // Continue the partition that contains the kth element.
        if (high >= k) {

            high--;
          } while (array[high] > partition);
          if (high < low) {
            break; // Pointers crossed. Partitioning complete.
          }
          swap(array, low, high); // End of innermost loop.
        }
        array[from + 1] = array[high]; // Insert partitioning element.
        array[high] = partition;

        // Continue the partition that contains the kth element.
        if (high >= k) {