if (size == bufferSize) {
                    // Enforce MAX_BUF_SIZE to prevent unbounded memory growth
                    final int newBufferSize = bufferSize + initialCapacity;
                    if (newBufferSize > MAX_BUF_SIZE) {
                        throw new IORuntimeException(new IOException("Content too large: exceeds maximum buffer size of " + MAX_BUF_SIZE

     * @throws Exception
     */
    @Test
    public void testReadBytes_LargeFile() throws Exception {
        final File largeFile = tempFolder.newFile("large.dat");

        // Create a file larger than MAX_BUF_SIZE (10MB)
        // Write 11MB of data
        try (FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(largeFile)) {
            final byte[] chunk = new byte[1024 * 1024]; // 1MB