* Nginx
* HAProxy

## Let's Encrypt

Vor Let's Encrypt wurden diese **HTTPS-Zertifikate** von vertrauenswürdigen Dritten verkauft.

Der Prozess zum Erwerb eines dieser Zertifikate war früher umständlich, erforderte viel Papierarbeit und die Zertifikate waren ziemlich teuer.

Aber dann wurde **<a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Let's Encrypt</a>** geschaffen.

## Testing: extended example

Now let's extend this example and add more details to see how to test different parts.

### Extended **FastAPI** app file

Let's continue with the same file structure as before:

```
.
├── app
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── main.py
│   └── test_main.py
```

Now you can translate it all and see how it looks as you save the file.

#### New Language

Let's say that you want to add translations for a language that is not yet translated, not even some pages.

Let's say you want to add translations for Creole, and it's not yet there in the docs.

Checking the link from above, the code for "Creole" is `ht`.

    ```Python hl_lines="10"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/security/tutorial001.py!}
    ```

But that is still not that useful.

Let's make it give us the current user.

## Create a user model

First, let's create a Pydantic user model.

The same way we use Pydantic to declare bodies, we can use it anywhere else:

=== "Python 3.10+"

    ```Python hl_lines="5  12-16"

* Nginx
* HAProxy

## Let's Encrypt

Before Let's Encrypt, these **HTTPS certificates** were sold by trusted third parties.

The process to acquire one of these certificates used to be cumbersome, require quite some paperwork and the certificates were quite expensive.

But then **<a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Let's Encrypt</a>** was created.

# Security - First Steps

Let's imagine that you have your **backend** API in some domain.

And you have a **frontend** in another domain or in a different path of the same domain (or in a mobile application).

And you want to have a way for the frontend to authenticate with the backend, using a **username** and **password**.

We can use **OAuth2** to build that with **FastAPI**.

Several of these are explored in the next chapters of the tutorial.

## Order matters

When creating *path operations*, you can find situations where you have a fixed path.

Like `/users/me`, let's say that it's to get data about the current user.

And then you can also have a path `/users/{user_id}` to get data about a specific user by some user ID.

你可以用作 TLS 终止代理的一些选项包括：

* Traefik（也可以处理证书更新）
* Caddy（也可以处理证书更新）
* Nginx
* HAProxy

## Let's Encrypt

在 Let's Encrypt 之前，这些 **HTTPS 证书** 由受信任的第三方出售。

过去，获得这些证书的过程非常繁琐，需要大量的文书工作，而且证书非常昂贵。

但随后 **<a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Let's Encrypt</a>** 创建了。

它是 Linux 基金会的一个项目。 它以自动方式免费提供 **HTTPS 证书**。 这些证书可以使用所有符合标准的安全加密，并且有效期很短（大约 3 个月），因此**安全性实际上更好**，因为它们的生命周期缩短了。

### Include an `APIRouter` with a custom `prefix`, `tags`, `responses`, and `dependencies`

Now, let's imagine your organization gave you the `app/internal/admin.py` file.

It contains an `APIRouter` with some admin *path operations* that your organization shares between several projects.

    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008.py!}
    ```

This means:

* The variable `prices` is a `dict`:
    * The keys of this `dict` are of type `str` (let's say, the name of each item).
    * The values of this `dict` are of type `float` (let's say, the price of each item).

#### Union

You can declare that a variable can be any of **several types**, for example, an `int` or a `str`.