}
    final int off = lowerIndex;
    final int len = upperIndex - lowerIndex;
    ImmutableList<Range<K>> subRanges =
        new ImmutableList<Range<K>>() {
          @Override
          public int size() {
            return len;
          }

          @Override
          public Range<K> get(int index) {
            checkElementIndex(index, len);
            if (index == 0 || index == len - 1) {

      checkNotNull(target);
      checkPositionIndexes(off, off + len, bytes.length);
      for (int i = 0; i < len; i += alphabet.bytesPerChunk) {
        encodeChunkTo(target, bytes, off + i, Math.min(alphabet.bytesPerChunk, len - i));
      }
    }

    void encodeChunkTo(Appendable target, byte[] bytes, int off, int len) throws IOException {

  // (You know that it's either going to read len bytes or stop at EOF.)
  public static int read(InputStream in, byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
    checkNotNull(in);
    checkNotNull(b);
    if (len < 0) {
      throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(String.format("len (%s) cannot be negative", len));
    }
    checkPositionIndexes(off, off + len, b.length);
    int total = 0;
    while (total < len) {

    }
    final int off = lowerIndex;
    final int len = upperIndex - lowerIndex;
    ImmutableList<Range<K>> subRanges =
        new ImmutableList<Range<K>>() {
          @Override
          public int size() {
            return len;
          }

          @Override
          public Range<K> get(int index) {
            checkElementIndex(index, len);
            if (index == 0 || index == len - 1) {

  public synchronized void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
    update(len);
    out.write(b, off, len);
  }

  @Override
  public synchronized void close() throws IOException {
    out.close();
  }

  @Override
  public synchronized void flush() throws IOException {
    out.flush();
  }

  /**

    int len = sequence.length();
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      char c = sequence.charAt(i);
      if (matches(c)) {
        if (c == replacement && (i == len - 1 || !matches(sequence.charAt(i + 1)))) {
          // a no-op replacement
          i++;
        } else {
          StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(len).append(sequence, 0, i).append(replacement);

    int len = sequence.length();
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      char c = sequence.charAt(i);
      if (matches(c)) {
        if (c == replacement && (i == len - 1 || !matches(sequence.charAt(i + 1)))) {
          // a no-op replacement
          i++;
        } else {
          StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(len).append(sequence, 0, i).append(replacement);

   */
  public static String join(String separator, char... array) {
    checkNotNull(separator);
    int len = array.length;
    if (len == 0) {
      return "";
    }

    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(len + separator.length() * (len - 1));
    builder.append(array[0]);
    for (int i = 1; i < len; i++) {
      builder.append(separator).append(array[i]);
    }
    return builder.toString();
  }

    if (collection instanceof ByteArrayAsList) {
      return ((ByteArrayAsList) collection).toByteArray();
    }

    Object[] boxedArray = collection.toArray();
    int len = boxedArray.length;
    byte[] array = new byte[len];
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      // checkNotNull for GWT (do not optimize)
      array[i] = ((Number) checkNotNull(boxedArray[i])).byteValue();
    }
    return array;
  }

  /**

    /**
     * Returns the index of minimum value between {@code index} and {@code index + len}, or {@code
     * -1} if {@code index} is greater than {@code size}.
     */
    int findMin(int index, int len) {
      if (index >= size) {
        return -1;
      }
      checkState(index > 0);
      int limit = Math.min(index, size - len) + len;
      int minIndex = index;
      for (int i = index + 1; i < limit; i++) {