// Return false if fail to update offset
  bool UpdateBufferOffsets(tflite::Model* mutable_model);

  // check if Flatbuffer builder can no longer hold the given amount of the data
  inline bool IsModelBiggerThan2GB(const uint64_t data_size) {
    return data_size > flatbuffer_size_max - builder_.GetSize();
  }

  // helper function for build stablehlo operators
  std::optional<BufferOffset<tflite::Operator>>