/**
 * Static utility methods pertaining to {@code byte} primitives, that are not already found in
 * either {@link Byte} or {@link Arrays}, <i>and interpret bytes as neither signed nor unsigned</i>.
 * The methods which specifically treat bytes as signed or unsigned are found in {@link SignedBytes}
 * and {@link UnsignedBytes}.
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a

    }

    @Override
    public byte[] getExpected(byte[] bytes) {
      if (initialBytes == null) {
        return checkNotNull(bytes);
      } else {
        byte[] result = new byte[initialBytes.length + bytes.length];
        System.arraycopy(initialBytes, 0, result, 0, initialBytes.length);
        System.arraycopy(bytes, 0, result, initialBytes.length, bytes.length);
        return result;
      }
    }

  /**
   * Puts an array of bytes into this sink.
   *
   * @param bytes a byte array
   * @return this instance
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  PrimitiveSink putBytes(byte[] bytes);

  /**
   * Puts a chunk of an array of bytes into this sink. {@code bytes[off]} is the first byte written,
   * {@code bytes[off + len - 1]} is the last.
   *
   * @param bytes a byte array

    assertThat(Bytes.indexOf(EMPTY, ARRAY234)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Bytes.indexOf(ARRAY234, ARRAY1)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Bytes.indexOf(ARRAY1, ARRAY234)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Bytes.indexOf(ARRAY1, ARRAY1)).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(Bytes.indexOf(ARRAY234, ARRAY234)).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(Bytes.indexOf(ARRAY234, new byte[] {(byte) 2, (byte) 3})).isEqualTo(0);

      }
      remaining -= read;
    }

    // bytes is now full
    int b = in.read();
    if (b == -1) {
      return bytes;
    }

    // the stream was longer, so read the rest normally
    Queue<byte[]> bufs = new ArrayDeque<>(TO_BYTE_ARRAY_DEQUE_SIZE + 2);
    bufs.add(bytes);
    bufs.add(new byte[] {(byte) b});
    return toByteArrayInternal(in, bufs, bytes.length + 1);
  }

    Random rng = new Random(0L);
    byte[] bytes = new byte[rng.nextInt(256) + 1];
    rng.nextBytes(bytes);
    assertEquals(hashFunction.hashBytes(bytes), hashFunction.hashBytes(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes)));
  }

  static void assertHashByteBufferExhaustsBuffer(HashFunction hashFunction) {
    Random rng = new Random(0L);
    byte[] bytes = new byte[rng.nextInt(256) + 1];
    rng.nextBytes(bytes);

    assertTrue(source.wasStreamClosed());
    assertArrayEquals(bytes, out.toByteArray());
  }

  public void testSize() throws IOException {
    assertEquals(bytes.length, source.size());
    assertTrue(source.wasStreamOpened() && source.wasStreamClosed());

    // test that we can get the size even if skip() isn't supported
    assertEquals(bytes.length, new TestByteSource(bytes, SKIP_THROWS).size());

    byte[] bytes = newPreFilledByteArray(100);
    skipHelper(0, 0, new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
    skipHelper(50, 50, new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
    skipHelper(50, 50, new SlowSkipper(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes), 1));
    skipHelper(50, 50, new SlowSkipper(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes), 0));
    skipHelper(100, -1, new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));

  @CanIgnoreReturnValue // to skip some bytes
  @Override
  short readShort();

  @CanIgnoreReturnValue // to skip some bytes
  @Override
  int readUnsignedShort();

  @CanIgnoreReturnValue // to skip some bytes
  @Override
  char readChar();

  @CanIgnoreReturnValue // to skip some bytes
  @Override
  int readInt();

  @CanIgnoreReturnValue // to skip some bytes
  @Override
  long readLong();

     * Base-64 encodes the supplied block of data.  Line wrapping is not
     * applied on output.
     *
     * @param bytes The block of data that is to be Base-64 encoded.
     * @return A <code>String</code> containing the encoded data.
     */
    public static String encode(byte[] bytes) {
        int length = bytes.length;
        if (length == 0) return "";
        StringBuffer buffer =