### Что такое "контекстные менеджеры"

"Контекстные менеджеры" - это любые объекты Python, которые можно использовать в операторе `with`.

Например, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files" class="external-link" target="_blank">можно использовать `with` для чтения файла</a>:

```Python
with open("./somefile.txt") as f:
    contents = f.read()
    print(contents)
```

## 上下文管理器

### 什么是“上下文管理器”

“上下文管理器”是您可以在`with`语句中使用的任何Python对象。

例如，<a href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files" class="external-link" target="_blank">您可以使用`with`读取文件</a>：

```Python
with open("./somefile.txt") as f:
    contents = f.read()
    print(contents)
```

Aún así, en ambas situaciones, es probable que **FastAPI** sea [aún más rápido](index.md#rendimiento){.Internal-link target=_blank} que (o al menos comparable) a tu framework anterior.

    In many cases, OAuth2 with scopes can be an overkill.

    But if you know you need it, or you are curious, keep reading.

## OAuth2 scopes and OpenAPI

The OAuth2 specification defines "scopes" as a list of strings separated by spaces.

The content of each of these strings can have any format, but should not contain spaces.

„Kontextmanager“ (Englisch „Context Manager“) sind bestimmte Python-Objekte, die Sie in einer `with`-Anweisung verwenden können.

Beispielsweise können Sie <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files" class="external-link" target="_blank">`with` verwenden, um eine Datei auszulesen</a>:

```Python
with open("./somefile.txt") as f:
    contents = f.read()
    print(contents)
```

* **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
* **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
* **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.

gain (about 100 nanoseconds), please note that in **FastAPI** the effect would be quite opposite. In these cases, it's better to use `async def` unless your *path operation functions* use code that performs blocking <abbr title="Input/Output: disk reading or writing, network communications.">I/O</abbr>.

Still, in both situations, chances are that **FastAPI** will [still be faster](index.md#performance){.internal-link target=_blank} than (or at least comparable to) your previous framework....

    しかし例外ハンドラで処理されない例外を発生させた場合は、依存関係の終了コードで処理されます。

## コンテキストマネージャ

### 「コンテキストマネージャ」とは

「コンテキストマネージャ」とは、`with`文の中で使用できるPythonオブジェクトのことです。

例えば、<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files" class="external-link" target="_blank">ファイルを読み込むには`with`を使用することができます</a>:

```Python
with open("./somefile.txt") as f:
    contents = f.read()
    print(contents)
```

That's why in this example we have to declare it in the `response_model` parameter.

...but continue reading below to see how to overcome that.

## Return Type and Data Filtering

Let's continue from the previous example. We wanted to **annotate the function with one type** but return something that includes **more data**.

### <a href="https://webargs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Webargs</a>

Another big feature required by APIs is <abbr title="reading and converting to Python data">parsing</abbr> data from incoming requests.

Webargs is a tool that was made to provide that on top of several frameworks, including Flask.