* {@code String} and a {@code String} to a {@code long} that treat the {@code long} as an unsigned
 * number.
 *
 * <p>Users of these utilities must be <i>extremely careful</i> not to mix up signed and unsigned
 * {@code long} values. When possible, it is recommended that the {@link UnsignedLong} wrapper class
 * be used, at a small efficiency penalty, to enforce the distinction in the type system.
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a

    Builder.DuplicateKey duplicateKey = null;
    if (tableSize <= BYTE_MAX_SIZE) {
      /*
       * Use 8 bits per entry. The value is unsigned to allow use up to a size of 2^8.
       *
       * The absent indicator of -1 signed becomes 2^8 - 1 unsigned, which reduces the actual max
       * size to 2^8 - 1. However, due to a load factor < 1 the limit is never approached.
       */

        "value (%s) is outside the range for an unsigned integer value",
        value);
    return fromIntBits(value.intValue());
  }

  /**
   * Returns an {@code UnsignedInteger} holding the value of the specified {@code String}, parsed as
   * an unsigned {@code int} value.
   *
   * @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a parsable unsigned {@code int}
   *     value
   */

        "value (%s) is outside the range for an unsigned long value",
        value);
    return fromLongBits(value.longValue());
  }

  /**
   * Returns an {@code UnsignedLong} holding the value of the specified {@code String}, parsed as an
   * unsigned {@code long} value.
   *
   * @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a parsable unsigned {@code long}
   *     value
   */

 *
 * <p>Note to maintainers: This implementation relies on signed arithmetic being bit-wise equivalent
 * to unsigned arithmetic in all cases except:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>comparisons (signed values can be negative)
 *   <li>division (avoided here)
 *   <li>shifting (right shift must be unsigned)
 * </ul>
 *
 * @author ******@****.*** (Kyle Maddison)

  /**
   * Value for [B1_MASK_LENGTH] which indicates the next two bytes are the unsigned length.
   */
  internal const val PAYLOAD_SHORT = 126

  /** Maximum length of a frame payload to be denoted as [PAYLOAD_SHORT]. */
  internal const val PAYLOAD_SHORT_MAX = 0xffffL

  /**
   * Value for [B1_MASK_LENGTH] which indicates the next eight bytes are the unsigned
   * length.
   */
  internal const val PAYLOAD_LONG = 127

 *
 * <p>Note to maintainers: This implementation relies on signed arithmetic being bit-wise equivalent
 * to unsigned arithmetic in all cases except:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>comparisons (signed values can be negative)
 *   <li>division (avoided here)
 *   <li>shifting (right shift must be unsigned)
 * </ul>
 *
 * @author ******@****.*** (Kyle Maddison)

  @SuppressWarnings("ShortCircuitBoolean")
  public static boolean isPowerOfTwo(long x) {
    return x > 0 & (x & (x - 1)) == 0;
  }

  /**
   * Returns 1 if {@code x < y} as unsigned longs, and 0 otherwise. Assumes that x - y fits into a
   * signed long. The implementation is branch-free, and benchmarks suggest it is measurably faster
   * than the straightforward ternary expression.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting

   *
   * <p>This is designed for generating persistent fingerprints of strings. It isn't
   * cryptographically secure, but it produces a high-quality hash with few collisions. Fingerprints
   * generated using this are byte-wise identical to those created using the C++ version, but note
   * that this uses unsigned integers (see {@link com.google.common.primitives.UnsignedInts}).

    frameLength = (b1 and B1_MASK_LENGTH).toLong()
    if (frameLength == PAYLOAD_SHORT.toLong()) {
      frameLength = (source.readShort() and 0xffff).toLong() // Value is unsigned.
    } else if (frameLength == PAYLOAD_LONG.toLong()) {
      frameLength = source.readLong()
      if (frameLength < 0L) {
        throw ProtocolException(