private abstract static class RawTypeConsistencyTester<T extends Enum<T> & CharSequence> {
    abstract T returningT();

    abstract void acceptT(T t);

    abstract <X extends T> X returningX();

    abstract <X> void acceptX(X x);

    abstract <T2 extends Enum<T2> & CharSequence> T2 returningT2();

    abstract <T2 extends CharSequence & Iterable<T2>> void acceptT2(T2 t2);

                "Method com.example.Source.baz(): From non-null returning to null-unmarked returning breaking change.",
            )
            assertHasNoWarning()
            assertHasNoInformation()
        }
    }

    @Test
    fun `from null-unmarked returning to non-null returning is not breaking`() {

In this example, the function `generate_html_response()` already generates and returns a `Response` instead of returning the HTML in a `str`.

By returning the result of calling `generate_html_response()`, you are already returning a `Response` that will override the default **FastAPI** behavior.

                errors << "From non-null returning to null returning breaking change"
            } else if (oldNullability == Nullability.NON_NULL && newNullability == Nullability.UNMARKED) {
                errors << "From non-null returning to null-unmarked returning breaking change"
            } else if (oldNullability == Nullability.UNMARKED && newNullability == Nullability.NULLABLE) {

              }
            },
            directExecutor()));
    thingToCancel[0] = serializer.submit(Callables.returning(null), directExecutor());
    results.add(thingToCancel[0]);
    // Enqueue more than enough tasks to force reentrancy.
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
      results.add(serializer.submit(Callables.returning(null), directExecutor()));
    }

    manualExecutorTask[0].run();

FastAPI will use this return type to:

* **Validate** the returned data.
    * If the data is invalid (e.g. you are missing a field), it means that *your* app code is broken, not returning what it should, and it will return a server error instead of returning incorrect data. This way you and your clients can be certain that they will receive the data and the data shape expected.
* Add a **JSON Schema** for the response, in the OpenAPI *path operation*.

You can add middleware to **FastAPI** applications.

A "middleware" is a function that works with every **request** before it is processed by any specific *path operation*. And also with every **response** before returning it.

* It takes each **request** that comes to your application.
* It can then do something to that **request** or run any needed code.

You can also declare the `Response` parameter in dependencies, and set cookies (and headers) in them.

## Return a `Response` directly { #return-a-response-directly }

You can also create cookies when returning a `Response` directly in your code.

To do that, you can create a response as described in [Return a Response Directly](response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

Then set Cookies in it, and then return it:

**FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.responses` as `fastapi.responses` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available responses come directly from Starlette.

///

## Returning a custom `Response` { #returning-a-custom-response }

public class CallablesTest extends TestCase {

  @J2ktIncompatible // TODO(b/324550390): Enable
  public void testReturning() throws Exception {
    assertThat(Callables.returning(null).call()).isNull();

    Object value = new Object();
    Callable<Object> callable = Callables.returning(value);
    assertSame(value, callable.call());
    // Expect the same value on subsequent calls
    assertSame(value, callable.call());
  }