import com.google.common.annotations.GwtIncompatible;
import com.google.common.annotations.J2ktIncompatible;
import java.io.Serializable;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Utility class for converting between various ASCII case formats. Behavior is undefined for
 * non-ASCII input.
 *
 * @author Mike Bostock
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public enum CaseFormat {
  /**

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtIncompatible;
import com.google.common.annotations.J2ktIncompatible;
import java.io.Serializable;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Utility class for converting between various ASCII case formats. Behavior is undefined for
 * non-ASCII input.
 *
 * @author Mike Bostock
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public enum CaseFormat {
  /**

Because **FastAPI** doesn't make any changes to a `Response` you return, you have to make sure its contents are ready for it.

For example, you cannot put a Pydantic model in a `JSONResponse` without first converting it to a `dict` with all the data types (like `datetime`, `UUID`, etc) converted to JSON-compatible types.

For those cases, you can use the `jsonable_encoder` to convert your data before passing it to a response:

  public void testBigToDouble() {
    for (BigInteger b : ALL_BIGINTEGER_CANDIDATES) {
      if (b.doubleValue() != DoubleUtils.bigToDouble(b)) {
        failFormat(
            "Converting %s to double: expected doubleValue %s but got bigToDouble %s",
            b, b.doubleValue(), DoubleUtils.bigToDouble(b));
      }
    }
  }

  public void testEnsureNonNegative() {

* `frozenset`:
    * In requests and responses, treated the same as a `set`:
        * In requests, a list will be read, eliminating duplicates and converting it to a `set`.
        * In responses, the `set` will be converted to a `list`.
        * The generated schema will specify that the `set` values are unique (using JSON Schema's `uniqueItems`).
* `bytes`:

Taking data from:

* The path as parameters.
* Headers.
* Cookies.
* etc.

And by doing so, **FastAPI** is validating that data, converting it and generating documentation for your API automatically.

But there are situations where you might need to access the `Request` object directly.

## Details about the `Request` object { #details-about-the-request-object }

{"item_id":3}
```

/// check

Notice that the value your function received (and returned) is `3`, as a Python `int`, not a string `"3"`.

So, with that type declaration, **FastAPI** gives you automatic request <dfn title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</dfn>.

///

## Data validation { #data-validation }

  public void testBigToDouble() {
    for (BigInteger b : ALL_BIGINTEGER_CANDIDATES) {
      if (b.doubleValue() != DoubleUtils.bigToDouble(b)) {
        failFormat(
            "Converting %s to double: expected doubleValue %s but got bigToDouble %s",
            b, b.doubleValue(), DoubleUtils.bigToDouble(b));
      }
    }
  }

  public void testEnsureNonNegative() {

of the main features needed by API systems is data "<dfn title="also called marshalling, conversion">serialization</dfn>" which is taking data from the code (Python) and converting it into something that can be sent through the network. For example, converting an object containing data from a database into a JSON object. Converting `datetime` objects into strings, etc.

Another big feature needed by APIs is data validation, making sure that the data is valid, given certain parameters. For...

    In this case, it's a list of `Item` dataclasses.

6. Here we are returning a dictionary that contains `items` which is a list of dataclasses.

    FastAPI is still capable of <dfn title="converting the data to a format that can be transmitted">serializing</dfn> the data to JSON.

7. Here the `response_model` is using a type annotation of a list of `Author` dataclasses.