* Test for avalanche with 2-bit deltas. Most probabilities of output bit(j) differing are well
   * within 50%.
   */
  static void check2BitAvalanche(HashFunction function, int trials, double epsilon) {
    Random rand = new Random(0);
    int keyBits = 32;
    int hashBits = function.bits();
    for (int bit1 = 0; bit1 < keyBits; bit1++) {
      for (int bit2 = 0; bit2 < keyBits; bit2++) {
        if (bit2 <= bit1) continue;

</p>

<pre>
const (
	bit0, mask0 = 1 &lt;&lt; iota, 1&lt;&lt;iota - 1  // bit0 == 1, mask0 == 0  (iota == 0)
	bit1, mask1                           // bit1 == 2, mask1 == 1  (iota == 1)
	_, _                                  //                        (iota == 2, unused)
	bit3, mask3                           // bit3 == 8, mask3 == 7  (iota == 3)
)
</pre>

<p>

  public static HashFunction goodFastHash(int minimumBits) {
    int bits = checkPositiveAndMakeMultipleOf32(minimumBits);

    if (bits == 32) {
      return Murmur3_32HashFunction.GOOD_FAST_HASH_32;
    }
    if (bits <= 128) {
      return Murmur3_128HashFunction.GOOD_FAST_HASH_128;
    }

    // Otherwise, join together some 128-bit murmur3s
    int hashFunctionsNeeded = (bits + 127) / 128;

    signifFloor &= SIGNIFICAND_MASK; // remove the implied bit

    /*
     * We round up if either the fractional part of signif is strictly greater than 0.5 (which is
     * true if the 0.5 bit is set and any lower bit is set), or if the fractional part of signif is
     * >= 0.5 and signifFloor is odd (which is true if both the 0.5 bit and the 1 bit are set).
     */
    boolean increment =

    signifFloor &= SIGNIFICAND_MASK; // remove the implied bit

    /*
     * We round up if either the fractional part of signif is strictly greater than 0.5 (which is
     * true if the 0.5 bit is set and any lower bit is set), or if the fractional part of signif is
     * >= 0.5 and signifFloor is odd (which is true if both the 0.5 bit and the 1 bit are set).
     */
    boolean increment =

 *
 * ```
 *  0..63 : Length of the UTF-16 sequence that this range maps to. The offset is b2b3.
 * 64..79 : Offset by a fixed negative offset. The bottom 4 bits of b1 are the top 4 bits of the offset.
 * 80..95 : Offset by a fixed positive offset. The bottom 4 bits of b1 are the top 4 bits of the offset.
 *    119 : Ignored.
 *    120 : Valid.
 *    121 : Disallowed
 *    122 : Mapped inline to the sequence: [b2].

 * the operation and the desired access bits are compared to the SID
 * and access mask of each ACE. If the SID matches, the allow/deny flags
 * and access mask are considered. If the ACE is a "deny"
 * ACE and <i>any</i> of the desired access bits match bits in the access
 * mask of the ACE, the whole access check fails. If the ACE is an "allow"
 * ACE and <i>all</i> of the bits in the desired access bits match bits in

  public static HashFunction goodFastHash(int minimumBits) {
    int bits = checkPositiveAndMakeMultipleOf32(minimumBits);

    if (bits == 32) {
      return Murmur3_32HashFunction.GOOD_FAST_HASH_32;
    }
    if (bits <= 128) {
      return Murmur3_128HashFunction.GOOD_FAST_HASH_128;
    }

    // Otherwise, join together some 128-bit murmur3s
    int hashFunctionsNeeded = (bits + 127) / 128;

   * interpreted as an unsigned 64-bit value. Specifically, the sign bit of {@code bits} is
   * interpreted as a normal bit, and all other bits are treated as usual.
   *
   * <p>If the argument is nonnegative, the returned result will be equal to {@code bits},
   * otherwise, the result will be equal to {@code 2^64 + bits}.
   *

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should validate constant bit ranges")
        void shouldValidateConstantBitRanges() {
            // File access constants should fit in lower 16 bits (0x0000FFFF)
            assertTrue(ACE.FILE_READ_DATA <= 0x0000FFFF, "FILE_READ_DATA should fit in lower 16 bits");
            assertTrue(ACE.FILE_WRITE_DATA <= 0x0000FFFF, "FILE_WRITE_DATA should fit in lower 16 bits");