* A particular program while it is **running** on the operating system.
    * This doesn't refer to the file, nor to the code, it refers **specifically** to the thing that is being **executed** and managed by the operating system.

In previous versions of NodeJS / Browser JavaScript, you would have used "callbacks". Which leads to <a href="http://callbackhell.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">callback hell</a>.

## Coroutines

This is the basic idea. But you will probably want to take care of some additional things, like:

* Security - HTTPS
* Running on startup
* Restarts
* Replication (the number of processes running)
* Memory
* Previous steps before starting

The `scope` `dict` and `receive` function are both part of the ASGI specification.

And those two things, `scope` and `receive`, are what is needed to create a new `Request` instance.

To learn more about the `Request` check <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's docs about Requests</a>.

///

## What is "Dependency Injection"

**"Dependency Injection"** means, in programming, that there is a way for your code (in this case, your *path operation functions*) to declare things that it requires to work and use: "dependencies".

And then, that system (in this case **FastAPI**) will take care of doing whatever is needed to provide your code with those needed dependencies ("inject" the dependencies).

///

/// tip

Notice that in this case we are using a standard Python `open()` function that interacts with a file.

So, it involves I/O (input/output), that requires "waiting" for things to be written to disk.

But `open()` doesn't use `async` and `await`.

So, we declare the event handler function with standard `def` instead of `async def`.

///

### `startup` and `shutdown` together

	//
	// We want to do the same thing in ambient but can't rely on podSpec injection. So, do effectively the same thing,
	// but with iptables rules - use `--socket-exists` as a proxy for "is this a forwarded packet" vs "is this originating from
	// a local node socket". If the latter, outside the pod in the host netns, redirect that traffic to a hardcoded/custom proxy

///

### <a href="https://flask.palletsprojects.com" class="external-link" target="_blank">Flask</a>

Flask is a "microframework", it doesn't include database integrations nor many of the things that come by default in Django.

This simplicity and flexibility allow doing things like using NoSQL databases as the main data storage system.

As it is very simple, it's relatively intuitive to learn, although the documentation gets somewhat technical at some points.

The JWT specification says that there's a key `sub`, with the subject of the token.

It's optional to use it, but that's where you would put the user's identification, so we are using it here.

JWT might be used for other things apart from identifying a user and allowing them to perform operations directly on your API.

For example, you could identify a "car" or a "blog post".

        assertFalse(new ActivationOS().equals(null));

        new ActivationOS().equals(new ActivationOS());
    }

    @Test
    void testEqualsIdentity() {
        ActivationOS thing = new ActivationOS();
        assertTrue(thing.equals(thing));
    }

    @Test
    void testToStringNullSafe() {
        assertNotNull(new ActivationOS().toString());
    }