Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next create objects of subclasses of a common `Param` class, which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `FieldInfo` class.

And Pydantic's `Field` returns an instance of `FieldInfo` as well.

`Body` also returns objects of a subclass of `FieldInfo` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of the `Body` class.

And tools will also be happy because both `RedirectResponse` and `JSONResponse` are subclasses of `Response`, so the type annotation is correct.

### Annotate a Response Subclass { #annotate-a-response-subclass }

You can also use a subclass of `Response` in the type annotation:

* Automatically logging all request bodies.

## Handling custom request body encodings { #handling-custom-request-body-encodings }

Let's see how to make use of a custom `Request` subclass to decompress gzip requests.

And an `APIRoute` subclass to use that custom request class.

### Create a custom `GzipRequest` class { #create-a-custom-gziprequest-class }

/// tip

   * situations, you may wish to override {@link SortedMultiset#elementSet} to forward to this
   * implementation or a subclass thereof.
   *
   * @since 15.0
   */
  protected class StandardElementSet extends SortedMultisets.NavigableElementSet<E> {
    /** Constructor for use by subclasses. */
    public StandardElementSet() {
      super(ForwardingSortedMultiset.this);
    }
  }

  @Override

   * {@link ForwardingMap#entrySet}. In many cases, you may wish to override {@link
   * ForwardingMap#keySet} to forward to this implementation or a subclass thereof.
   *
   * @since 10.0
   */
  protected class StandardKeySet extends Maps.KeySet<K, V> {
    /** Constructor for use by subclasses. */
    public StandardKeySet() {
      super(ForwardingMap.this);
    }
  }

  /**

        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause(), "Cause should match the provided throwable");
    }

    @Test
    void testIsInstanceOfTransportException() {
        // Verify that RequestTimeoutException is a subclass of TransportException
        RequestTimeoutException exception = new RequestTimeoutException();
        assertTrue(exception instanceof TransportException, "RequestTimeoutException should be an instance of TransportException");

        transactionMock = mock(SmbComTransactionResponse.class);
    }

    @Test
    void testSmbComQueryInformationResponseGetters() throws Exception {
        // The constructor is package‑private; use an anonymous subclass
        SmbComQueryInformationResponse resp = new SmbComQueryInformationResponse(1000L) {
        };
        java.lang.reflect.Field fileAttr = SmbComQueryInformationResponse.class.getDeclaredField("fileAttributes");

import java.io.IOException;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

/**
 * Tests for SpnegoToken.
 * Uses a minimal concrete subclass to exercise abstract methods.
 */
class SpnegoTokenTest {

    /**
     * Minimal concrete implementation for testing.
     * - parse: sets mechanismToken, throws on null

   * situations, you may wish to override {@link SortedMultiset#elementSet} to forward to this
   * implementation or a subclass thereof.
   *
   * @since 15.0
   */
  protected class StandardElementSet extends SortedMultisets.NavigableElementSet<E> {
    /** Constructor for use by subclasses. */
    public StandardElementSet() {
      super(ForwardingSortedMultiset.this);
    }
  }

  @Override

        // Assert - toString shows class name when message is null
        assertEquals(SMBProtocolDowngradeException.class.getName(), ex.toString());

        // Assert - type hierarchy: subclass of CIFSException and IOException
        assertTrue(ex instanceof jcifs.CIFSException, "Should extend CIFSException");
        assertTrue(ex instanceof IOException, "Should be an IOException (checked)");
    }