}

    // Happy path: overlaps delegates to implementation and returns as stubbed
    @Test
    @DisplayName("overlaps returns true then false as stubbed")
    void overlapsReturnsTrueThenFalse() throws Exception {
        when(locator.overlaps(other)).thenReturn(true, false);

        assertTrue(locator.overlaps(other));
        assertFalse(locator.overlaps(other));

    /**
     * Determines whether this resource path overlaps with another resource path by sharing a common root.
     *
     * @param other the other resource locator to compare with
     * @return whether the paths share a common root
     * @throws CIFSException if an error occurs during comparison
     */
    boolean overlaps(SmbResourceLocator other) throws CIFSException;

    /**

                    ArtifactVersion lower;
                    ArtifactVersion upper;
                    boolean lowerInclusive;
                    boolean upperInclusive;

                    // overlaps
                    if (res1.getLowerBound() == null) {
                        lower = res2.getLowerBound();
                        lowerInclusive = res2.isLowerBoundInclusive();

    assertThat(expected).hasMessageThat().contains("connected");

    // adjacent below
    assertEquals(Range.closedOpen(4, 4), range.intersection(Range.closedOpen(2, 4)));

    // overlap below
    assertEquals(Range.closed(4, 6), range.intersection(Range.closed(2, 6)));

    // enclosed with same start
    assertEquals(Range.closed(4, 6), range.intersection(Range.closed(4, 6)));

            // Check that no two flags overlap (except combined flags)
            for (int i = 0; i < flags.length; i++) {
                for (int j = i + 1; j < flags.length; j++) {
                    assertEquals(0, flags[i] & flags[j], String.format("Flags at index %d and %d should not overlap", i, j));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Nested

        SmbResourceLocatorImpl child = locator("smb://server/share/dir/file");
        assertTrue(base.overlaps(child));

        SmbResourceLocatorImpl other = locator("smb://server/share/other");
        assertFalse(base.overlaps(other));
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("isRoot and isRootOrShare reflect path state")
    void testIsRootAndShare() {

    assertThat(expected).hasMessageThat().contains("connected");

    // adjacent below
    assertEquals(Range.closedOpen(4, 4), range.intersection(Range.closedOpen(2, 4)));

    // overlap below
    assertEquals(Range.closed(4, 6), range.intersection(Range.closed(2, 6)));

    // enclosed with same start
    assertEquals(Range.closed(4, 6), range.intersection(Range.closed(4, 6)));

   * Overlapping ranges and empty ranges are forbidden, though adjacent ranges are permitted and
   * will be merged.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any ranges overlap or are empty
   * @since 21.0
   */
  public static <C extends Comparable<?>> ImmutableRangeSet<C> copyOf(Iterable<Range<C>> ranges) {
    return new ImmutableRangeSet.Builder<C>().addAll(ranges).build();
  }

    }

    /**
     *
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * @see jcifs.smb.SmbResourceLocatorInternal#overlaps(jcifs.SmbResourceLocator)
     */
    @Override
    public boolean overlaps(final SmbResourceLocator other) throws CIFSException {
        final String tp = getCanonicalURL();
        final String op = other.getCanonicalURL();

Also, the best approach was to use already existing standards.

So, before even starting to code **FastAPI**, I spent several months studying the specs for OpenAPI, JSON Schema, OAuth2, etc. Understanding their relationship, overlap, and differences.

## Design { #design }

Then I spent some time designing the developer "API" I wanted to have as a user (as a developer using FastAPI).