// We verify that the constructor throws an exception, which indirectly tests the desired logic.
        assertThrows(PACDecodingException.class, () -> new PacCredentialType(null));
    }

    /**
     * Tests the isCredentialTypeCorrect method with a byte array of exact minimal buffer size.
     * This test is also indirect.
     */
    @Test
    void testIsCredentialTypeCorrectWithExactSizeData() {

   *
   * <ol>
   *   <li>All its mutation methods result in UnsupportedOperationException, and do not change the
   *       underlying contents.
   *   <li>All methods that return objects that can indirectly mutate the collection throw
   *       UnsupportedOperationException when those mutators are called.
   * </ol>
   *
   * @param collection the presumed-immutable collection

        // Execute
        final SsoMessageException exception = new SsoMessageException(messageCode, message);

        // Verify that it has serialVersionUID (indirectly by checking it's serializable)
        assertTrue(exception instanceof java.io.Serializable);
    }

        assertTrue((searchAttributes & SmbConstants.ATTR_SYSTEM) != 0);
        assertTrue((searchAttributes & SmbConstants.ATTR_DIRECTORY) != 0);
    }

    /**
     * Test writeString method indirectly through writeBytesWireFormat
     */
    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test writeString handles path separators correctly")
    public void testWriteStringWithPathSeparators() {
        // Given

        assertTrue("Long commands should be settable", true);
    }

    // Test path expansion logic
    public void test_path_expansion() throws Exception {
        // Test the expandPath functionality indirectly through variable replacement
        final String testCommand = "convert ${url} -resize 100x100 ${outputFile}";
        final String tempPath = "/tmp/source.pdf";
        final String outputPath = "/tmp/thumbnail.jpg";

        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should implement Decodable interface through FileSystemInformation")
        void shouldImplementDecodableInterface() {
            // Verify that AllocInfo indirectly implements Decodable
            assertTrue(jcifs.Decodable.class.isAssignableFrom(AllocInfo.class));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should define getCapacity method")

   *       .testEquals();
   *   }
   * }
   * </pre>
   *
   * <p>It will test that Foo objects created by the {@code create(a, b, c, d)} factory method with
   * equal parameters are equal and vice versa, thus indirectly tests the builder equality.
   */
  public void testEquals(Class<?> cls) {
    try {
      doTestEquals(cls);
    } catch (Exception e) {
      throwIfUnchecked(e);
      throw new RuntimeException(e);

   *       .testEquals();
   *   }
   * }
   * </pre>
   *
   * <p>It will test that Foo objects created by the {@code create(a, b, c, d)} factory method with
   * equal parameters are equal and vice versa, thus indirectly tests the builder equality.
   */
  public void testEquals(Class<?> cls) {
    try {
      doTestEquals(cls);
    } catch (Exception e) {
      throwIfUnchecked(e);
      throw new RuntimeException(e);

# Return a Response Directly { #return-a-response-directly }

When you create a **FastAPI** *path operation* you can normally return any data from it: a `dict`, a `list`, a Pydantic model, a database model, etc.

By default, **FastAPI** would automatically convert that return value to JSON using the `jsonable_encoder` explained in [JSON Compatible Encoder](../tutorial/encoder.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

Up to now, you have been declaring the parts of the request that you need with their types.

Taking data from:

* The path as parameters.
* Headers.
* Cookies.
* etc.

And by doing so, **FastAPI** is validating that data, converting it and generating documentation for your API automatically.

But there are situations where you might need to access the `Request` object directly.