* href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PrimitivesExplained">primitive utilities</a>.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class Ints extends IntsMethodsForWeb {
  private Ints() {}

  /**
   * The number of bytes required to represent a primitive {@code int} value.
   *
   * <p>Prefer {@link Integer#BYTES} instead.
   */
  // The constants value gets inlined here.

    }

    /**
     * Validate that the constructor masks the supplied value to its
     * lowest 8 bits (NdrShort incorrectly masks to 8 bits even though it's a short).
     */
    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 1, 255, -1, 256, 65535 })
    void constructorMasksValue(int input) {
        NdrShort ns = new NdrShort(input);
        // NdrShort masks to 0xFF (8 bits) in its constructor
        int expected = input & 0xFF;

        // Then
        assertEquals(0, bytesWritten);
    }

    @DisplayName("Should write zero bytes at various offsets")
    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 1, 10, 50, 100, 255 })
    void testWriteBytesWireFormatAtDifferentOffsets(int offset) {
        // Given
        byte[] buffer = new byte[256];

        // When

    @Nested
    @DisplayName("Constructor Tests")
    class ConstructorTests {

        @ParameterizedTest
        @DisplayName("Should mask input values with 0xFF correctly")
        @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 1, 127, 128, 255, 256, -1, -128, -255, -256, 32767, -32768, 65535, 65536 })
        void testConstructorMasking(int inputValue) {
            // Given: An input value
            // When: Creating NdrShort with that value

It had automatic data validation, data serialization and OpenAPI schema generation based on the same type hints in several places.

    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY234, ARRAY1)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY1, ARRAY234)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY1, ARRAY1)).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY234, ARRAY234)).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY234, new int[] {(int) 2, (int) 3})).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY234, new int[] {(int) 3, (int) 4})).isEqualTo(1);

    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY234, ARRAY1)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY1, ARRAY234)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY1, ARRAY1)).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY234, ARRAY234)).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY234, new int[] {(int) 2, (int) 3})).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(Ints.indexOf(ARRAY234, new int[] {(int) 3, (int) 4})).isEqualTo(1);

And also that your code will be very compatible with many other Python tools and libraries. 🚀

///

## Type hints in **FastAPI** { #type-hints-in-fastapi }

**FastAPI** takes advantage of these type hints to do several things.

With **FastAPI** you declare parameters with type hints and you get:

* **Editor support**.
* **Type checks**.

...and **FastAPI** uses the same declarations to:

     * All wire‑format methods should return zero regardless of inputs.
     */
    @Nested
    @DisplayName("Wire format method behaviour")
    class WireFormatMethods {
        @ParameterizedTest
        @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 1, -1, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE })
        @DisplayName("writeSetupWireFormat returns 0 for all indices")
        void writeSetupWireFormatReturnsZero(int index) {

        @DisplayName("Returns 0 with null array")
        void nullArray() {
            assertEquals(0, response.writeParameterWordsWireFormat(null, 0));
        }

        @ParameterizedTest
        @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 5, 9 })
        @DisplayName("Returns 0 with valid array and various indices")
        void nonNullArray(int index) {
            byte[] arr = new byte[10];