implements Serializable {
  // TODO(lowasser): consider overhauling this back to Map<E, Integer>
  private transient Map<E, Count> backingMap;

  /*
   * Cache the size for efficiency. Using a long lets us avoid the need for
   * overflow checking and ensures that size() will function correctly even if
   * the multiset had once been larger than Integer.MAX_VALUE.
   */
  private transient long size;

 *
 * <p>Users of these utilities must be <i>extremely careful</i> not to mix up signed and unsigned
 * {@code int} values. When possible, it is recommended that the {@link UnsignedInteger} wrapper
 * class be used, at a small efficiency penalty, to enforce the distinction in the type system.
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a
 * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PrimitivesExplained#unsigned-support">unsigned
 * primitive utilities</a>.

 *
 * <p>Users of these utilities must be <i>extremely careful</i> not to mix up signed and unsigned
 * {@code int} values. When possible, it is recommended that the {@link UnsignedInteger} wrapper
 * class be used, at a small efficiency penalty, to enforce the distinction in the type system.
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a
 * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PrimitivesExplained#unsigned-support">unsigned
 * primitive utilities</a>.

            // File.renameTo operation doesn't really work across file systems.
            // So we will attempt to do a File.renameTo for efficiency and atomicity, if this fails
            // then we will use a brute force copy and delete the temporary file.
            if (!temp.renameTo(destination)) {
                try {
                    Files.copy(

    List<Future<T>> futures = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(ntasks);
    BlockingQueue<Future<T>> futureQueue = Queues.newLinkedBlockingQueue();
    long timeoutNanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);

    // For efficiency, especially in executors with limited
    // parallelism, check to see if previously submitted tasks are
    // done before submitting more of them. This interleaving

- Improved the efficiency of NodeAdded QueueingHint by registering UpdateNodeTaint event for plugins that have NodeAdded event but don't have UpdateNodeTaint event. This ensures better requeuing efficiency and prevents Pods from being stuck in the unschedulable pod pool.

   * href="http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/StreamParallelGuidance.html">efficiently splittable</a>
   * if and only if {@code stream} was efficiently splittable and its underlying spliterator
   * reported {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}. This is generally the case if the underlying stream
   * comes from a data structure supporting efficient indexed random access, typically an array or
   * list.
   *

   * href="http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/StreamParallelGuidance.html">efficiently splittable</a>
   * if and only if {@code stream} was efficiently splittable and its underlying spliterator
   * reported {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}. This is generally the case if the underlying stream
   * comes from a data structure supporting efficient indexed random access, typically an array or
   * list.
   *

- Added new config option `delayCacheUntilActive` to `KubeSchedulerConfiguration` that can provide a tradeoff between memory efficiency and scheduling speed when their leadership is updated in `kube-scheduler` ([#115754](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/115754), [@linxiulei](https://github.com/linxiulei)) [SIG API Machinery and Scheduling]

      product *= normalizedNum;
      productBits = LongMath.log2(product, FLOOR) + 1;
    }
    // Check for leftovers.
    if (product > 1) {
      bignums.add(BigInteger.valueOf(product));
    }
    // Efficiently multiply all the intermediate products together.
    return listProduct(bignums).shiftLeft(shift);
  }

  static BigInteger listProduct(List<BigInteger> nums) {
    return listProduct(nums, 0, nums.size());
  }