byte[] key7 = Arrays.copyOfRange(key14, 0, 7);
        byte[] data8 = NtlmUtil.S8;
        byte[] out14 = new byte[16];
        byte[] out7 = new byte[8];

        // Act
        NtlmUtil.E(key14, data8, out14);
        NtlmUtil.E(key7, data8, out7);

        // Assert: first block identical to single-chunk encryption
        assertArrayEquals(Arrays.copyOfRange(out14, 0, 8), out7);

            Arrays.fill(buffer, (byte) 0);
            bytesWritten = request.writeBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0);

            assertEquals(49, bytesWritten);
            assertArrayEquals(Arrays.copyOfRange(longFileId, 0, 16), Arrays.copyOfRange(buffer, 16, 32));
        }
    }

    @Nested
    @DisplayName("ReadBytesWireFormat Tests")
    class ReadBytesWireFormatTests {

        @Test

            assertEquals(6, largeEncodedSize);

            // Verify data at different positions
            assertArrayEquals(Arrays.copyOfRange(smallBuffer, 0, smallEncodedSize),
                    Arrays.copyOfRange(largeBuffer, 500, 500 + largeEncodedSize));
        }
    }

    @Nested
    @DisplayName("Constants Tests")
    class ConstantsTest {

        @Test

            Arrays.fill(buffer, (byte) 0);
            bytesWritten = request.writeBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0);

            assertEquals(48, bytesWritten);
            assertArrayEquals(Arrays.copyOfRange(longFileId, 0, 16), Arrays.copyOfRange(buffer, 8, 24));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should write lock sequence information correctly")
        void testLockSequenceInformation() {

            // Then
            assertNotNull(bytes);
            // Verify challenge
            assertArrayEquals(TEST_CHALLENGE, Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 24, 32));
            // Verify context
            assertArrayEquals(testContext, Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 32, 40));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("toByteArray should include target and target info correctly")

        // Then
        assertEquals(dataLength, bytesWritten);
        byte[] expectedData = Arrays.copyOfRange(TEST_DATA, dataOffset, dataOffset + dataLength);
        byte[] writtenData = Arrays.copyOfRange(dst, dstIndex, dstIndex + dataLength);
        assertArrayEquals(expectedData, writtenData);
    }

    @Test

            // Verify only the specified portion is written
            assertEquals(48 + length, bytesWritten);
            assertArrayEquals(Arrays.copyOfRange(fullData, offset, offset + length), Arrays.copyOfRange(buffer, 48, 48 + length));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should handle maximum values correctly")
        void testMaximumValues() {

            assertEquals(4, SMBUtil.readInt2(buffer, 2));
            assertEquals(PreauthIntegrityNegotiateContext.HASH_ALGO_SHA512, SMBUtil.readInt2(buffer, 4));
            assertArrayEquals(salt, Arrays.copyOfRange(buffer, 6, 10));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should encode multiple hash algorithms with salt")
        void testEncodeMultipleHashAlgosWithSalt() {

    T[] empty = reference.length == 0 ? reference : Arrays.copyOf(reference, 0);
    return Arrays.copyOf(empty, length);
  }

  /** Equivalent to Arrays.copyOfRange(source, from, to, arrayOfType.getClass()). */
  /*
   * Arrays are a mess from a nullness perspective, and Class instances for object-array types are
   * even worse. For now, we just suppress and move on with our lives.

    T[] empty = reference.length == 0 ? reference : Arrays.copyOf(reference, 0);
    return Arrays.copyOf(empty, length);
  }

  /** Equivalent to Arrays.copyOfRange(source, from, to, arrayOfType.getClass()). */
  /*
   * Arrays are a mess from a nullness perspective, and Class instances for object-array types are
   * even worse. For now, we just suppress and move on with our lives.