// the slower pointer, then there's a loop.
    Throwable slowPointer = throwable;
    boolean advanceSlowPointer = false;

    Throwable cause;
    while ((cause = throwable.getCause()) != null) {
      throwable = cause;
      causes.add(throwable);

      if (throwable == slowPointer) {

                final Throwable[] causes = mcae.getCauses();
                if (causes.length > 0) {
                    t = causes[causes.length - 1];
                }
            }

            String errorName;
            final Throwable cause = t.getCause();
            if (cause != null) {
                errorName = cause.getClass().getCanonicalName();
            } else {

public abstract class ThreadUtil {

    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ThreadUtil.class);

    /**
     * Do not instantiate.
     */
    protected ThreadUtil() {
    }

    /**
     * Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds.
     *
     * @param millis
     *            the length of time to sleep in milliseconds

    }

    public void test_constructor_withCause() {
        // Test with cause only
        Exception cause = new IllegalStateException("Underlying error");
        DataStoreException exception = new DataStoreException(cause);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("java.lang.IllegalStateException: Underlying error", exception.getMessage());

        // Test constructor with null message but valid cause
        Exception cause = new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid argument");
        DictionaryException exception = new DictionaryException(null, cause);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
    }

  }

  /** Test that giving a null 'safeChars' string causes a {@link NullPointerException}. */
  public void testBadArguments_null() {
    assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> new PercentEscaper(null, false));
  }

  /**
   * Tests that specifying any alphanumeric characters as 'safe' causes an {@link
   * IllegalArgumentException}.
   */
  public void testBadArguments_badchars() {

        // Test constructor with message and cause
        String message = "Storage operation failed";
        Exception cause = new RuntimeException("Underlying error");
        StorageException exception = new StorageException(message, cause);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
    }

    assertSame(cause, getRootCause(exception));
  }

  public void testGetRootCause_loop() {
    Exception cause = new Exception();
    Exception exception = new Exception(cause);
    cause.initCause(exception);
    IllegalArgumentException expected =
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> getRootCause(cause));
    assertThat(expected).hasCauseThat().isSameInstanceAs(cause);
  }

  }

  /** Test that giving a null 'safeChars' string causes a {@link NullPointerException}. */
  public void testBadArguments_null() {
    assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> new PercentEscaper(null, false));
  }

  /**
   * Tests that specifying any alphanumeric characters as 'safe' causes an {@link
   * IllegalArgumentException}.
   */
  public void testBadArguments_badchars() {

            executionOrder.clear();
        }
    }

    // Test class that causes NullPointerException
    private static class NullPointerScoreBooster extends ScoreBooster {
        @Override
        public long process() {
            // This will cause NullPointerException when auto-unboxing
            Long nullValue = null;
            return nullValue;
        }
    }