import java.util.stream.IntStream;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;

/**
 * An immutable array of {@code int} values, with an API resembling {@link List}.
 *
 * <p>Advantages compared to {@code int[]}:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>All the many well-known advantages of immutability (read <i>Effective Java</i>, third
 *       edition, Item 17).
 *   <li>Has the value-based (not identity-based) {@link #equals}, {@link #hashCode}, and {@link

You can combine normal FastAPI *path operations* with GraphQL on the same application.

/// tip

**GraphQL** solves some very specific use cases.

It has **advantages** and **disadvantages** when compared to common **web APIs**.

Make sure you evaluate if the **benefits** for your use case compensate the **drawbacks**. 🤓

///

## GraphQL Libraries

import java.util.stream.LongStream;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;

/**
 * An immutable array of {@code long} values, with an API resembling {@link List}.
 *
 * <p>Advantages compared to {@code long[]}:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>All the many well-known advantages of immutability (read <i>Effective Java</i>, third
 *       edition, Item 17).
 *   <li>Has the value-based (not identity-based) {@link #equals}, {@link #hashCode}, and {@link

import java.util.stream.IntStream;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;

/**
 * An immutable array of {@code int} values, with an API resembling {@link List}.
 *
 * <p>Advantages compared to {@code int[]}:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>All the many well-known advantages of immutability (read <i>Effective Java</i>, third
 *       edition, Item 17).
 *   <li>Has the value-based (not identity-based) {@link #equals}, {@link #hashCode}, and {@link

import java.util.stream.DoubleStream;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;

/**
 * An immutable array of {@code double} values, with an API resembling {@link List}.
 *
 * <p>Advantages compared to {@code double[]}:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>All the many well-known advantages of immutability (read <i>Effective Java</i>, third
 *       edition, Item 17).
 *   <li>Has the value-based (not identity-based) {@link #equals}, {@link #hashCode}, and {@link

/// tip

For new code and whenever possible, use `Annotated` as explained above. There are multiple advantages (explained below) and no disadvantages. 🍰

///

This is how you would use `Query()` as the default value of your function parameter, setting the parameter `max_length` to 50:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

/// tip

Prefer to use the `Annotated` version if possible.

///

```Python hl_lines="12"
{!> ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001.py!}
```

////

Using `UploadFile` has several advantages over `bytes`:

* You don't have to use `File()` in the default value of the parameter.
* It uses a "spooled" file:

This is just a **quick tutorial / refresher** about Python type hints. It covers only the minimum necessary to use them with **FastAPI**... which is actually very little.

**FastAPI** is all based on these type hints, they give it many advantages and benefits.

But even if you never use **FastAPI**, you would benefit from learning a bit about them.

/// note

If you are a Python expert, and you already know everything about type hints, skip to the next chapter.

Using Linux containers has several advantages including **security**, **replicability**, **simplicity**, and others.

/// tip

In a hurry and already know this stuff? Jump to the [`Dockerfile` below 👇](#build-a-docker-image-for-fastapi).

///

<details>

    }

    @Override
    public CharSource asCharSource(Charset charset) {
      if (options.length == 0) {
        // If no OpenOptions were passed, delegate to Files.lines, which could have performance
        // advantages. (If OpenOptions were passed we can't, because Files.lines doesn't have an
        // overload taking OpenOptions, meaning we can't guarantee the same behavior w.r.t. things
        // like following/not following symlinks.)