# 高级 Python 类型 { #advanced-python-types }

这里有一些在使用 Python 类型时可能有用的额外想法。

## 使用 `Union` 或 `Optional` { #using-union-or-optional }

如果你的代码因为某些原因不能使用 `|`，例如它不是在类型注解里，而是在 `response_model=` 之类的参数中，那么你可以使用 `typing` 中的 `Union` 来代替竖线（`|`）。

例如，你可以声明某个值可以是 `str` 或 `None`：

```python
from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
        print(f"Hi {name}!")
```

`typing` 也提供了一个声明“可能为 `None`”的快捷方式：`Optional`。

# 高度な Python の型 { #advanced-python-types }

Python の型を扱うときに役立つ追加のアイデアをいくつか紹介します。

## `Union` または `Optional` の利用 { #using-union-or-optional }

何らかの理由で `|` が使えない場合、たとえば型アノテーションではなく `response_model=` のような場所では、縦棒（`|`）の代わりに `typing` の `Union` を使えます。

例えば、`str` または `None` になり得ることを宣言できます:

```python
from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
        print(f"Hi {name}!")
```

    assertMinSize(union(emptySet(), emptySet()), 0);
    assertMinSize(union(setSize(2), setSize(3)), 3);
    assertMinSize(union(setSize(3), setSize(2)), 3);
    assertMinSize(union(setSizeRange(10, 20), setSizeRange(11, 12)), 11);
    assertMinSize(union(setSizeRange(11, 12), setSizeRange(10, 20)), 11);
  }

  public void testUnion_maxSize() {
    assertMaxSize(union(emptySet(), emptySet()), 0);

## `Union` or `anyOf` { #union-or-anyof }

You can declare a response to be the `Union` of two or more types, that means, that the response would be any of them.

It will be defined in OpenAPI with `anyOf`.

To do that, use the standard Python type hint [`typing.Union`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Union):

/// note

        return True
    origin = get_origin(annotation)
    if origin is Union or origin is UnionType:
        for arg in get_args(annotation):
            if lenient_issubclass(arg, UploadFile):
                return True
    return False


def is_bytes_sequence_annotation(annotation: Any) -> bool:
    origin = get_origin(annotation)
    if origin is Union or origin is UnionType:
        at_least_one = False

			targetIDs = targetIDs.Union(targetIDSet)
		}
	}

	return targetIDs
}

// Clone - returns copy of this rules.
func (rules Rules) Clone() Rules {
	rulesCopy := make(Rules)

	for pattern, targetIDSet := range rules {
		rulesCopy[pattern] = targetIDSet.Clone()
	}

	return rulesCopy
}

// Union - returns union with given rules as new rules.

	maps.Copy(setCopy, set)
	return setCopy
}

// add - adds TargetID to the set.
func (set TargetIDSet) add(targetID TargetID) {
	set[targetID] = struct{}{}
}

// Union - returns union with given set as new set.
func (set TargetIDSet) Union(sset TargetIDSet) TargetIDSet {
	nset := set.Clone()

	for k := range sset {
		nset.add(k)
	}

	return nset
}

## Using `Union` or `Optional` { #using-union-or-optional }

If your code for some reason can't use `|`, for example if it's not in a type annotation but in something like `response_model=`, instead of using the vertical bar (`|`) you can use `Union` from `typing`.

For example, you could declare that something could be a `str` or `None`:

```python
from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):

                                    "application/json": {
                                        "schema": {
                                            "title": "Response Response Model Union No Annotation Return Model1 Response Model Union No Annotation Return Model1 Get",
                                            "anyOf": [
                                                {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"},

Python 타입을 다룰 때 유용할 수 있는 몇 가지 추가 아이디어를 소개합니다.

## `Union` 또는 `Optional` 사용 { #using-union-or-optional }

어떤 이유로 코드에서 `|`를 사용할 수 없다면, 예를 들어 타입 어노테이션이 아니라 `response_model=` 같은 곳이라면, 파이프 문자(`|`) 대신 `typing`의 `Union`을 사용할 수 있습니다.

예를 들어, 어떤 값이 `str` 또는 `None`이 될 수 있다고 선언할 수 있습니다:

```python
from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
        print(f"Hi {name}!")
```