func toString(val any) string {
	switch v := val.(type) {
	case string:
		return v
	default:
		return ""
	}
}

// toLowerString - safely convert interface to lower string
func toLowerString(val any) string {
	return strings.ToLower(toString(val))
}

// toInteger _ Safely convert interface to integer without causing panic.
func toInteger(val any) (int64, error) {

package tests_test

import (
	"testing"
	"gorm.io/gorm"
)

type Man struct {
	ID     int
	Age    int
	Name   string
	Detail string
}

// Panic-safe BeforeUpdate hook that checks for Changed("age")
func (m *Man) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
	if !tx.Statement.Changed("age") {
		return nil
	}
	return nil
}

func TestSubModel(t *testing.T) {
	man := Man{Age: 18, Name: "random-name"}

// another n bytes. After Grow(n), at least n bytes can be written to the
// buffer without another allocation.
// If n is negative, Grow will panic.
// If the buffer can't grow it will panic with [ErrTooLarge].
func (b *Buffer) Grow(n int) {
	if n < 0 {
		panic("bytes.Buffer.Grow: negative count")
	}
	m := b.grow(n)
	b.buf = b.buf[:m]
}

// Write appends the contents of p to the buffer, growing the buffer as

		panic("labels must be a list of ordered key-value pairs")
	}

	validLabels := desc.getLabelSet()
	labelMap := make(map[string]string, len(labels)/2)
	for i := 0; i < len(labels); i += 2 {
		if _, ok := validLabels[labels[i]]; !ok {
			panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid label: %s (metric: %s)", labels[i], name))
		}
		labelMap[labels[i]] = labels[i+1]
	}

	if len(labels)/2 != len(validLabels) {

The [GODEBUG History](#history) gives the exact defaults for each Go toolchain version.
For example, Go 1.21 introduces the `panicnil` setting,
controlling whether `panic(nil)` is allowed;
it defaults to `panicnil=0`, making `panic(nil)` a run-time error.
Using `panicnil=1` restores the behavior of Go 1.20 and earlier.

When compiling a work module or workspace that declares

func close(c chan<- Type)

// The panic built-in function stops normal execution of the current
// goroutine. When a function F calls panic, normal execution of F stops
// immediately. Any functions whose execution was deferred by F are run in
// the usual way, and then F returns to its caller. To the caller G, the
// invocation of F then behaves like a call to panic, terminating G's

	}
}

type panicReader struct{ panic bool }

func (r panicReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
	if r.panic {
		panic("oops")
	}
	return 0, io.EOF
}

// Make sure that an empty Buffer remains empty when
// it is "grown" before a Read that panics
func TestReadFromPanicReader(t *testing.T) {

	// First verify non-panic behaviour
	var buf Buffer

			if err := tx.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user.Name).Error; err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("Should find saved record")
			}

			panic("force panic")
		})
	})

	if err := DB.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "transaction-block-3").Error; err == nil {
		t.Fatalf("Should not find record after panic rollback")
	}
}

func TestTransactionRaiseErrorOnRollbackAfterCommit(t *testing.T) {
	tx := DB.Begin()

func TestNegativeRead(t *testing.T) {
	// should panic with a description pointing at the reader, not at itself.
	// (should NOT panic with slice index error, for example.)
	b := NewReader(new(negativeReader))
	defer func() {
		switch err := recover().(type) {
		case nil:
			t.Fatal("read did not panic")
		case error:

}

func (w *Walker) emitf(format string, args ...any) {
	f := strings.Join(w.scope, ", ") + ", " + fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
	if strings.Contains(f, "\n") {
		panic("feature contains newlines: " + f)
	}

	if _, dup := w.features[f]; dup {
		panic("duplicate feature inserted: " + f)
	}
	w.features[f] = true

	if verbose {
		log.Printf("feature: %s", f)
	}
}