*         If all functions return null, the composite function returns null.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input collection is null or contains null elements.
     */
    static Function<String, String> chain(Collection<? extends Function<String, String>> functions) {
        return s -> {
            for (Function<String, String> function : functions) {
                String v = function.apply(s);

    <function-class>org.codelibs.fess.taglib.FessFunctions</function-class>
    <function-signature>java.lang.String sdh(java.lang.String)</function-signature>
    <example>${fe:sdh(doc.similar_docs_hash)}</example>
  </function>

  <function>
    <description>Concatenate strings.</description>
    <name>join</name>
    <function-class>org.codelibs.fess.taglib.FessFunctions</function-class>

In this case, the task function will write to a file (simulating sending an email).

And as the write operation doesn't use `async` and `await`, we define the function with normal `def`:

{* ../../docs_src/background_tasks/tutorial001.py hl[6:9] *}

## Add the background task

	"net"
	"time"
)

// LookupHost is a function to make custom lookupHost for optional cached DNS requests
type LookupHost func(ctx context.Context, host string) (addrs []string, err error)

// DialContextWithLookupHost is a helper function which returns `net.DialContext` function.
// It randomly fetches an IP via custom LookupHost function and dials it by the given dial

  var IMG_LOADING_DELAY = 200;
  var IMG_LOADING_MAX = 0;
  loadImage = function(img, url, limit) {
    var imgData = new Image();
    $(imgData).on("load", function() {
      $(img).css("background-image", "");
      $(img).attr("src", url);
    });
    $(imgData).on("error", function() {
      if (limit > 0) {
        setTimeout(function() {
          loadImage(img, url, --limit);
        }, IMG_LOADING_DELAY);

    checkArgument(!list.isEmpty(), "number of hash functions (%s) must be > 0", list.size());
    return new ConcatenatedHashFunction(list.toArray(new HashFunction[0]));
  }

  private static final class ConcatenatedHashFunction extends AbstractCompositeHashFunction {

    private ConcatenatedHashFunction(HashFunction... functions) {
      super(functions);
      for (HashFunction function : functions) {
        checkArgument(

emoveAttribute("id")}}}return re(t.replace(ve,"$1"),e,n,r)}function W(){var r=[];return function e(t,n){return r.push(t+" ")>b.cacheLength&&delete e[r.shift()],e[t+" "]=n}}function F(e){return e[S]=!0,e}function $(e){var t=T.createElement("fieldset");try{return!!e(t)}catch(e){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function B(t){return function(e){return fe(e,"input")&&e.type===t}}function _(t){return function(e){return(fe(e,"input")||fe(e,"button"))&&e.type===t}}function...

      Function<? super F, ? extends @Nullable T> function, Equivalence<T> resultEquivalence) {
    this.function = checkNotNull(function);
    this.resultEquivalence = checkNotNull(resultEquivalence);
  }

  @Override
  protected boolean doEquivalent(F a, F b) {
    return resultEquivalence.equivalent(function.apply(a), function.apply(b));
  }

  @Override
  protected int doHash(F a) {

      extends AbstractTransformFuture<I, O, Function<? super I, ? extends O>, O> {
    TransformFuture(
        ListenableFuture<? extends I> inputFuture, Function<? super I, ? extends O> function) {
      super(inputFuture, function);
    }

    @Override
    @ParametricNullness
    O doTransform(Function<? super I, ? extends O> function, @ParametricNullness I input) {
      return function.apply(input);
    }

    @Override

///

## Other Asynchronous Function Calls

As the testing function is now asynchronous, you can now also call (and `await`) other `async` functions apart from sending requests to your FastAPI application in your tests, exactly as you would call them anywhere else in your code.

/// tip