// For non-AWS endpoints (MinIO, etc.), set custom endpoint with path-style access
        if (StringUtil.isNotBlank(endpoint)) {
            builder.endpointOverride(URI.create(endpoint)).forcePathStyle(true);
        }

        this.s3Client = builder.build();
    }

    private String getRegion(final String region) {
        return StringUtil.isNotBlank(region) ? region : "us-east-1";
    }

            try {
                final software.amazon.awssdk.services.s3.S3ClientBuilder builder =
                        S3Client.builder().endpointOverride(URI.create(endpoint)).region(Region.of(region)).forcePathStyle(true);

                if (StringUtil.isNotBlank(accessKey) && StringUtil.isNotBlank(secretKey)) {

            // Set region
            builder.region(Region.of(region));

            // Set path-style access (required for MinIO and other S3-compatible services)
            builder.forcePathStyle(true);

            awsS3Client = builder.build();
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            throw new CrawlingAccessException("Failed to create S3 client: endpoint=" + endpoint, e);
        }