assertThat(Stats.of(NEGATIVE_INFINITY).mean()).isNegativeInfinity();
    assertThat(Stats.of(NaN).mean()).isNaN();
    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_STATS.mean()).isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR).of(TWO_VALUES_MEAN);
    // For datasets of many double values created from an array, we test many combinations of finite
    // and non-finite values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      double mean = Stats.of(values.asArray()).mean();

  private final double[][] datasets = new double[0x100][];

  @BeforeExperiment
  void setUp() {
    Random rng = new Random();
    for (int i = 0; i < 0x100; i++) {
      datasets[i] = new double[datasetSize];
      for (int j = 0; j < datasetSize; j++) {
        datasets[i][j] = rng.nextDouble();
      }
    }
  }

  private double[] dataset(int i) {

  private final double[][] datasets = new double[0x100][];

  @BeforeExperiment
  void setUp() {
    Random rng = new Random();
    for (int i = 0; i < 0x100; i++) {
      datasets[i] = new double[datasetSize];
      for (int j = 0; j < datasetSize; j++) {
        datasets[i][j] = rng.nextDouble();
      }
    }
  }

  private double[] dataset(int i) {

    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_PAIRED_STATS.populationCovariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(TWO_VALUES_SUM_OF_PRODUCTS_OF_DELTAS / 2);
    // For datasets of many double values, we test many combinations of finite and non-finite
    // x-values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      PairedStats stats = createPairedStatsOf(values.asIterable(), OTHER_MANY_VALUES);

    assertThat(TWO_VALUES_PAIRED_STATS.populationCovariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(TWO_VALUES_SUM_OF_PRODUCTS_OF_DELTAS / 2);
    // For datasets of many double values, we test many combinations of finite and non-finite
    // x-values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      PairedStats stats = createPairedStatsOf(values.asIterable(), OTHER_MANY_VALUES);

        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(manyValuesAccumulatorByAddAllStatsAccumulator.mean())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    // For datasets of many double values created from an iterable, we test many combinations of
    // finite and non-finite values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      StatsAccumulator accumulator = new StatsAccumulator();

    assertThat(manyValuesAccumulatorByAddAllPartitionedPairedStats.populationCovariance())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_SUM_OF_PRODUCTS_OF_DELTAS / MANY_VALUES_COUNT);
    // For datasets of many double values, we test many combinations of finite and non-finite
    // x-values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      PairedStatsAccumulator accumulator =

        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    assertThat(manyValuesAccumulatorByAddAllStatsAccumulator.mean())
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(MANY_VALUES_MEAN);
    // For datasets of many double values created from an iterable, we test many combinations of
    // finite and non-finite values:
    for (ManyValues values : ALL_MANY_VALUES) {
      StatsAccumulator accumulator = new StatsAccumulator();

        // Note: This is a rough check - exact performance depends on JVM, hardware, etc.
        // We expect Set lookup to be at least as fast as array lookup for large datasets
        assertTrue("Set-based lookup should be faster or comparable to array-based lookup for large datasets",
                setDuration <= arrayDuration * 2); // Allow 2x margin for test stability
    }

    /**
     * Helper method to create a test FessConfig.

    long[] dataset = Longs.toArray(SIXTEEN_SQUARES_LONGS);
    assertThat(Quantiles.scale(10).index(1).compute(dataset))
        .isWithin(ALLOWED_ERROR)
        .of(SIXTEEN_SQUARES_DECILE_1);
    assertThat(dataset).asList().isEqualTo(SIXTEEN_SQUARES_LONGS);
  }

  public void testScale_index_compute_intVarargs() {
    int[] dataset = Ints.toArray(SIXTEEN_SQUARES_INTEGERS);