* characters.
 *
 * <p>As there are important reasons, including potential security issues, to handle Unicode
 * correctly if you are considering implementing a new escaper you should favor using UnicodeEscaper
 * wherever possible.
 *
 * <p>A {@code UnicodeEscaper} instance is required to be stateless, and safe when used concurrently
 * by multiple threads.
 *
 * <p>Popular escapers are defined as constants in classes like {@link

    assertEquals("foo%40bar.com", e.escape("******@****.***"));
  }

  public void testUrlPathSegmentEscaper() {
    UnicodeEscaper e = (UnicodeEscaper) urlPathSegmentEscaper();
    assertPathEscaper(e);
    assertUnescaped(e, '+');
  }

  public void testUrlFragmentEscaper() {
    UnicodeEscaper e = (UnicodeEscaper) urlFragmentEscaper();
    assertUnescaped(e, '+');
    assertUnescaped(e, '/');
    assertUnescaped(e, '?');

  }

  // Helper to assert common expected behaviour of uri escapers.
  static void assertBasicUrlEscaper(UnicodeEscaper e) {
    assertBasicUrlEscaperExceptPercent(e);
    // The escape character must always be escaped
    assertEscaping(e, "%25", '%');
  }

  static void assertPathEscaper(UnicodeEscaper e) {
    assertBasicUrlEscaper(e);

    assertUnescaped(e, '!');
    assertUnescaped(e, '\'');

  public void testReplacements() throws IOException {
    // In reality this is not a very sensible escaper to have (if you are only
    // escaping elements from a map you would use a ArrayBasedCharEscaper).
    UnicodeEscaper escaper =
        new ArrayBasedUnicodeEscaper(
            SIMPLE_REPLACEMENTS, Character.MIN_VALUE, Character.MAX_CODE_POINT, null) {
          @Override
          protected char[] escapeUnsafe(int c) {

      protected char[] escape(char c) {
        return replacementMap.get(c);
      }
    };
  }

  // A trivial non-optimized escaper for testing.
  static UnicodeEscaper createSimpleUnicodeEscaper(ImmutableMap<Integer, char[]> replacementMap) {
    return new UnicodeEscaper() {
      @Override
      protected char[] escape(int cp) {
        return replacementMap.get(cp);
      }
    };
  }

  }

  /** Tests the various ways that the space character can be handled */
  public void testPlusForSpace() {
    UnicodeEscaper basicEscaper = new PercentEscaper("", false);
    UnicodeEscaper plusForSpaceEscaper = new PercentEscaper("", true);
    UnicodeEscaper spaceEscaper = new PercentEscaper(" ", false);

    assertEquals("string%20with%20spaces", basicEscaper.escape("string with spaces"));

import static java.lang.Math.min;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import java.util.Map;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * A {@link UnicodeEscaper} that uses an array to quickly look up replacement characters for a given
 * code point. An additional safe range is provided that determines whether code points without

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
import static java.lang.Math.max;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.escape.UnicodeEscaper;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * A {@code UnicodeEscaper} that escapes some set of Java characters using a UTF-8 based percent
 * encoding scheme. The set of safe characters (those which remain unescaped) can be specified on
 * construction.