* @since 10.0
 */
@DoNotMock("Use Optional.of(value) or Optional.absent()")
@GwtCompatible
public abstract class Optional<T> implements Serializable {
  /**
   * Returns an {@code Optional} instance with no contained reference.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
   * {@code Optional.empty}.
   */
  public static <T> Optional<T> absent() {
    return Absent.withType();
  }

 * @since 10.0
 */
@DoNotMock("Use Optional.of(value) or Optional.absent()")
@GwtCompatible
public abstract class Optional<T> implements Serializable {
  /**
   * Returns an {@code Optional} instance with no contained reference.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
   * {@code Optional.empty}.
   */
  public static <T> Optional<T> absent() {
    return Absent.withType();
  }

    )


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-str", "/model-optional-str"],
)
def test_optional_str_missing(path: str):
    client = TestClient(app)
    response = client.get(path)
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {"p": None}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-str", "/model-optional-str"],
)
def test_optional_str(path: str):

@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-list-str", "/model-optional-list-str"],
)
def test_optional_list_str_missing(path: str):
    client = TestClient(app)
    response = client.get(path)
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"p": None}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-list-str", "/model-optional-list-str"],
)

        return returnFirstPresentOrEmpty(MavenOptions::threads);
    }

    @Override
    public Optional<String> builder() {
        return returnFirstPresentOrEmpty(MavenOptions::builder);
    }

    @Override
    public Optional<Boolean> noTransferProgress() {
        return returnFirstPresentOrEmpty(MavenOptions::noTransferProgress);
    }

    @Override

Here's a tip from my very **subjective** point of view:

* 🚨 Avoid using `Optional[SomeType]`
* Instead ✨ **use `Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.

  }

  public void testPresentInstances_allAbsent() {
    List<Optional<Object>> optionals = ImmutableList.of(Optional.absent(), Optional.absent());
    assertThat(Optional.presentInstances(optionals)).isEmpty();
  }

  public void testPresentInstances_somePresent() {
    List<Optional<String>> optionals =

			Optional:    true,
			Type:        "string",
			Sensitive:   true,
			Secret:      true,
		},
		config.HelpKV{
			Key:         target.WebhookQueueDir,
			Description: queueDirComment,
			Optional:    true,
			Type:        "path",
		},
		config.HelpKV{
			Key:         target.WebhookQueueLimit,
			Description: queueLimitComment,
			Optional:    true,
			Type:        "number",
		},

@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-list-str", "/model-optional-list-str"],
)
def test_optional_list_str_missing(path: str):
    client = TestClient(app)
    response = client.post(path)
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"p": None}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-list-str", "/model-optional-list-str"],
)

兩者等價且底層相同，但我會推薦用 `Union` 而不要用 `Optional`，因為「optional」這個詞看起來會讓人以為這個值是可選的，但實際上它的意思是「可以是 `None`」，即使它不是可選的、仍然是必填。

我認為 `Union[SomeType, None]` 更能清楚表達其含義。

這只是措辭與命名問題，但這些詞會影響你與團隊成員對程式碼的理解。

例如，看看下面這個函式：

```python
from typing import Optional


def say_hi(name: Optional[str]):
    print(f"Hey {name}!")
```

參數 `name` 被標註為 `Optional[str]`，但它並不是可選的；你不能在沒有該參數的情況下呼叫這個函式：

```Python