assertThat(e).hasMessageThat().contains(ERROR_REUSE_EDGE);
  }

  @Test
  public void addEdge_parallelSelfLoopEdge_notAllowed() {
    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();
    assume().that(network.allowsSelfLoops()).isTrue();
    assume().that(network.allowsParallelEdges()).isFalse();

    addEdge(N1, N1, E11);
    IllegalArgumentException e =
        assertThrows(

    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();
    assume().that(graph.allowsSelfLoops()).isFalse();

    IllegalArgumentException e =
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> putEdge(N1, N1));
    assertThat(e).hasMessageThat().contains(ERROR_SELF_LOOP);
  }

  @Test
  public void putEdge_allowsSelfLoops() {
    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();

    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();
    assume().that(graph.allowsSelfLoops()).isFalse();

    IllegalArgumentException e =
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> putEdge(N1, N1));
    assertThat(e).hasMessageThat().contains(ERROR_SELF_LOOP);
  }

  @Test
  public void putEdge_allowsSelfLoops() {
    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();

OAuth2 was designed so that the backend or API could be independent of the server that authenticates the user.

But in this case, the same **FastAPI** application will handle the API and the authentication.

So, let's review it from that simplified point of view:

* The user types the `username` and `password` in the frontend, and hits `Enter`.

This can be very useful for setting up **resources** that you need to use for the whole app, and that are **shared** among requests, and/or that you need to **clean up** afterwards. For example, a database connection pool, or loading a shared machine learning model.

## Use Case { #use-case }

Let's start with an example **use case** and then see how to solve it with this.

    assertThat(e).hasMessageThat().contains(ERROR_REUSE_EDGE);
  }

  @Test
  public void addEdge_parallelSelfLoopEdge_notAllowed() {
    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();
    assume().that(network.allowsSelfLoops()).isTrue();
    assume().that(network.allowsParallelEdges()).isFalse();

    addEdge(N1, N1, E11);
    IllegalArgumentException e =
        assertThrows(

    /** Array of fields that can be highlighted in search results */
    protected String[] highlightedFields;

    /** Array of fields that can be searched against */
    protected String[] searchFields;

    /** Set of fields that can be searched against for O(1) lookup */
    protected Set<String> searchFieldSet;

    /** Array of fields that can be used for faceted search */

OpenAPI requires that each operation ID is unique across all the *path operations*, so FastAPI uses the **function name**, the **path**, and the **HTTP method/operation** to generate that operation ID, because that way it can make sure that the operation IDs are unique.

But I'll show you how to improve that next. 🤓

### Required, can be `None` { #required-can-be-none }

You can declare that a parameter can accept `None`, but that it's still required. This would force clients to send a value, even if the value is `None`.

To do that, you can declare that `None` is a valid type but simply do not declare a default value:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006c_an_py310.py hl[9] *}

   * The code in FinalizableReferenceQueue goes to considerable trouble to ensure that there are
   * no such references and the tests here check that that trouble has not been in vain.
   *
   * When we reference FinalizableReferenceQueue in this test, we are referencing a class that is
   * loaded by this test and that will obviously remain loaded for as long as the test is running.