// The format is: NtlmChallenge[challenge=0x<hex>,dc=<dc_string>]
            assertTrue(result.startsWith("NtlmChallenge[challenge=0x"));
            assertTrue(result.endsWith(",dc=SERVER123]"));

            // Hexdump.toHexString with size = length * 2 produces 8 uppercase hex chars
            // The hex should be "010203FF"
            assertTrue(result.contains("010203FF"));
        }

    /**
     * Determines the address of a host given it's host name. NetBIOS
     * names also have a <code>type</code>. Types(aka Hex Codes)
     * are used to distinguish the various services on a host. <a
     * href="../../../nbtcodes.html">Here</a> is
     * a fairly complete list of NetBIOS hex codes. Scope is not used but is
     * still functional in other NetBIOS products and so for completeness it has been

 * This class provides methods for converting binary data to readable hex format.
 */

public class Hexdump {

    /**
     * Default constructor.
     */
    public Hexdump() {
        // Utility class - no instance variables to initialize
    }

    /**
     * Array of hexadecimal digit characters used for converting binary data to hex representation.
     */

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should convert byte array to hex string with offset and length")
    void testHexdumpWithOffset() {
        // Given
        byte[] data = createTestData(32);

        // When
        String result = Hexdump.toHexString(data, 0, data.length);

        // Then
        assertNotNull(result);
        assertFalse(result.isEmpty());
        // Should contain hex representation of first bytes

    @DisplayName("computeResponse: HMAC(server||clientData) prepended to clientData")
    void testComputeResponse_basic() {
        // Arrange
        byte[] key = hex("0102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F10");
        byte[] serverChallenge = hex("1122334455667788");
        byte[] clientData = hex("A0A1A2A3A4");

        // Act
        byte[] result = NtlmUtil.computeResponse(key, serverChallenge, clientData, 0, clientData.length);

            assertEquals("0x0004", getResultMessageMethod.invoke(null, 4), "Should return hex format for unknown code 4");
            assertEquals("0x00FF", getResultMessageMethod.invoke(null, 255), "Should return hex format for unknown code 255");
            assertEquals("0x1000", getResultMessageMethod.invoke(null, 4096), "Should return hex format for large unknown code");
        }

        @Test

     *
     * @param val the integer value to convert to hexadecimal characters
     * @param dst the destination character array to write the hex digits into
     * @param dstIndex the starting index in the destination array
     * @param size the number of hex digits to write (will be left-padded with zeros)
     */
    public static void toHexChars(int val, final char dst[], final int dstIndex, int size) {

        src[srcIndex + 16] = 0x00; // hex code
        src[srcIndex + 17] = 0x04; // flags: active

        // Second name entry (18 bytes)
        String name2 = "DOMAIN          ";
        System.arraycopy(name2.getBytes("US-ASCII"), 0, src, srcIndex + 19, 16);
        src[srcIndex + 34] = 0x00; // hex code
        src[srcIndex + 35] = (byte) 0x84; // flags: group, active

        assertEquals(errorCode, exception.getErrorCode(), "Error code should match the input.");
        assertEquals("0x12345678", exception.getMessage(), "Message should be hex string for unknown error code.");
    }

    /**
     * Test constructor DcerpcException(String msg).
     */
    @Test
    void testConstructorWithMessage() {

            // handle unicode
            if (ch > 0xfff) {
                out.append("\\u").append(hex(ch));
            } else if (ch > 0xff) {
                out.append("\\u0").append(hex(ch));
            } else if (ch > 0x7f) {
                out.append("\\u00").append(hex(ch));
            } else if (ch < 32) {
                switch (ch) {
                    case '\b':