// Mostly 3-byte UTF-8 sequences - "Asian" text
          return Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT;
        } else if (userFriendly.matches("(?i)(?:Cuneiform|rare|exotic|supplementary.*)")) {
          // Mostly 4-byte UTF-8 sequences - "rare exotic" text
          return Character.MAX_CODE_POINT;
        } else {
          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't decode codepoint " + userFriendly);
        }
      }
    }

          // Mostly 3-byte UTF-8 sequences - "Asian" text
          return Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT;
        } else if (userFriendly.matches("(?i)(?:Cuneiform|rare|exotic|supplementary.*)")) {
          // Mostly 4-byte UTF-8 sequences - "rare exotic" text
          return Character.MAX_CODE_POINT;
        } else {
          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't decode codepoint " + userFriendly);
        }
      }
    }

#### Operation

"Operation" here refers to one of the HTTP "methods".

One of:

* `POST`
* `GET`
* `PUT`
* `DELETE`

...and the more exotic ones:

* `OPTIONS`
* `HEAD`
* `PATCH`
* `TRACE`

In the HTTP protocol, you can communicate to each path using one (or more) of these "methods".

---

    * JSON objects (`dict`).
    * JSON array (`list`) defining item types.
    * String (`str`) fields, defining min and max lengths.
    * Numbers (`int`, `float`) with min and max values, etc.

* Validation for more exotic types, like:
    * URL.
    * Email.
    * UUID.
    * ...and others.

All the validation is handled by the well-established and robust **Pydantic**.

### Security and authentication

## 특별한 타입과 검증

`str`, `int`, `float` 등과 같은 단일 타입과는 별개로, `str`을 상속하는 더 복잡한 단일 타입을 사용할 수 있습니다.

모든 옵션을 보려면, <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic's exotic types</a> 문서를 확인하세요. 다음 장에서 몇가지 예제를 볼 수 있습니다.

예를 들어 `Image` 모델 안에 `url` 필드를 `str` 대신 Pydantic의 `HttpUrl`로 선언할 수 있습니다:

```Python hl_lines="4  10"
{!../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial005.py!}
```

///

If you are using `pip` to install packages (it comes by default with Python), you should **upgrade** it to the latest version.

Many exotic errors while installing a package are solved by just upgrading `pip` first.

/// tip

You would normally do this **once**, right after you create the virtual environment.

///

 * names to avoid confusing characters. This includes basic case folding: transforming shouting
 * `SQUARE.COM` into cool and casual `square.com`. It also handles more exotic characters. For
 * example, the Unicode trademark sign (™) could be confused for the letters "TM" in
 * `http://ho™ail.com`. To mitigate this, the single character (™) maps to the string (tm). There

#### Operación

"Operación" aquí se refiere a uno de los "métodos" de HTTP.

Uno como:

* `POST`
* `GET`
* `PUT`
* `DELETE`

...y los más exóticos:

* `OPTIONS`
* `HEAD`
* `PATCH`
* `TRACE`

En el protocolo de HTTP, te puedes comunicar con cada path usando uno (o más) de estos "métodos".

---

#### Operação

"Operação" aqui se refere a um dos "métodos" HTTP.

Um dos:

* `POST`
* `GET`
* `PUT`
* `DELETE`

...e os mais exóticos:

* `OPTIONS`
* `HEAD`
* `PATCH`
* `TRACE`

No protocolo HTTP, você pode se comunicar com cada rota usando um (ou mais) desses "métodos".

---

Para ver todas as opções possíveis, cheque a documentação para os<a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">tipos exoticos do Pydantic</a>. Você verá alguns exemplos no próximo capitulo.

Por exemplo, no modelo `Image` nós temos um campo `url`, nós podemos declara-lo como um `HttpUrl` do Pydantic invés de como uma `str`: