}

                retryCount++;

                // Exponential backoff with overflow protection
                if (retryDelayMs > 0) {
                    try {
                        // Safe calculation: ensure retryCount is at least 1 for proper exponential backoff
                        int safeShift = Math.min(MAX_BACKOFF_SHIFT, Math.max(1, retryCount));

 */
public class WitnessClient implements AutoCloseable {
    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WitnessClient.class);

    // Polling and backoff constants (in ms)
    private static final long MAX_POLL_INTERVAL = 5000; // Normal polling: max 5 seconds
    private static final long MAX_ERROR_BACKOFF = 30000; // Error polling: max 30 seconds

  /** How long to wait to retry pre-emptive connection attempts that fail. */
  @JvmField val backoffDelayMillis: Long = 60 * 1000,
  /** How much jitter to introduce in connection retry backoff delays */
  @JvmField val backoffJitterMillis: Int = 100,

        assertTrue(exception.shouldRetry(1));
        assertTrue(exception.shouldRetry(2));
        assertFalse(exception.shouldRetry(3)); // Max attempts reached

        // Verify exponential backoff
        assertEquals(1000, exception.getRetryDelayMs(1));
        assertEquals(2000, exception.getRetryDelayMs(2));
        assertEquals(4000, exception.getRetryDelayMs(3));
    }

    @Test

import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import jcifs.internal.smb2.create.Smb2CreateRequest;

/**
 * Handles automatic reconnection of durable and persistent SMB handles.
 *
 * This class provides retry logic with exponential backoff for handle
 * reconnection after network failures or server issues.
 */
public class HandleReconnector {

    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HandleReconnector.class);

/**
 * Handles directory change notifications for SMB3 directory leasing
 */
public class DirectoryChangeNotifier {

    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DirectoryChangeNotifier.class);

    // Backoff and timing constants (in ms)
    private static final long BASE_POLL_INTERVAL = 1000;
    private static final long MAX_POLL_INTERVAL = 30000;
    private static final long BASE_RETRY_DELAY = 1000;

        state.incrementRetry();

        long secondRetry = state.getNextRetryTime();
        state.incrementRetry();

        long thirdRetry = state.getNextRetryTime();

        // Should have exponential backoff
        assertTrue(secondRetry > firstRetry);
        assertTrue(thirdRetry > secondRetry);
    }

    @Test
    void testPendingOperationRedistribution() throws Exception {
        // Setup pending operations

/**
 * Rate limiter for authentication attempts to prevent brute force attacks.
 *
 * Features:
 * - Per-account rate limiting
 * - Per-IP rate limiting
 * - Global rate limiting
 * - Exponential backoff for repeated failures
 * - Account lockout after threshold
 * - Automatic cleanup of old entries
 */
public class AuthenticationRateLimiter implements AutoCloseable {

        }

        /**
         * Increment retry count and update next retry time
         */
        public void incrementRetry() {
            retryCount++;
            // Exponential backoff: 1s, 2s, 4s
            nextRetryTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + (1000L << retryCount);
        }
    }

Also, Job controller's constants for default backoff and maximal backoff are lowered down to 1s (from 10s) and 1min (from 6min), respectively. These constants are used to determine the backoff delay for the next Job controller sync in case of a request failure. ([#118615](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/118615), [@mimowo](https://github.com/mimowo)) [SIG...