public long used;
        /** Committed non-heap memory in bytes */
        public long committed;
        /** Maximum non-heap memory in bytes */
        public long max;
        /** The percentage of non-heap memory usage. */
        public short percent;
    }

    /**
     * Data transfer object representing JVM buffer pool statistics.
     */

    }

    /**
     * Returns whether the content is cached in memory.
     *
     * @return true if the content is in memory, false if it is in a file
     */
    public boolean isInMemory() {
        return data != null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the content as a byte array.
     * If the content is cached in memory, a clone of the data is returned.

- **`CurlException`**: Unchecked RuntimeException for HTTP errors.

### I/O Layer

- **`ContentCache`**: In-memory or file-based caching. Implements `Closeable` and auto-deletes file cache on close.

- **`ContentOutputStream`**: Extends `DeferredFileOutputStream`. Writes to memory until threshold (default 1MB) exceeded, then spills to temp file.

## Technical Details

- **Java Version**: 17+

   * value slightly too high than slightly too low. If the value is not exact, the {@link
   * ImmutableLongArray} that is built will very likely occupy more memory than strictly necessary;
   * to trim memory usage, build using {@code builder.build().trimmed()}.
   */
  public static Builder builder(int initialCapacity) {
    checkArgument(initialCapacity >= 0, "Invalid initialCapacity: %s", initialCapacity);

        // requireNonNull is safe because we always have either `file` or `memory`.
        requireNonNull(memory);
        return new ByteArrayInputStream(memory.getBuffer(), 0, memory.getCount());
      }
    }

    synchronized void reset() throws IOException {
      try {
        close();
      } finally {
        if (memory == null) {
          memory = new MemoryOutput();
        } else {
          memory.reset();

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * Utility class for memory operations and size calculations.
 */
public final class MemoryUtil {
    private MemoryUtil() {
    }

    /**
     * Gets a formatted memory usage log string.
     *
     * @return formatted memory usage information
     */
    public static String getMemoryUsageLog() {

   * value slightly too high than slightly too low. If the value is not exact, the {@link
   * ImmutableDoubleArray} that is built will very likely occupy more memory than strictly
   * necessary; to trim memory usage, build using {@code builder.build().trimmed()}.
   */
  public static Builder builder(int initialCapacity) {
    checkArgument(initialCapacity >= 0, "Invalid initialCapacity: %s", initialCapacity);

   * value slightly too high than slightly too low. If the value is not exact, the {@link
   * ImmutableIntArray} that is built will very likely occupy more memory than strictly necessary;
   * to trim memory usage, build using {@code builder.build().trimmed()}.
   */
  public static Builder builder(int initialCapacity) {
    checkArgument(initialCapacity >= 0, "Invalid initialCapacity: %s", initialCapacity);

 * class to read a response that is larger than the entire memory allocated to the current process.
 * It can even stream a response larger than the total storage on the current device, which is a
 * common requirement for video streaming applications.
 *
 * Because this class does not buffer the full response in memory, the application may not

        cos.close();
        assertTrue(file.exists());
    }

    @Test
    public void testThresholdOne() throws IOException {
        // With threshold 1, writing 1 byte should stay in memory
        ContentOutputStream cos = new ContentOutputStream(1, Curl.tmpDir);
        cos.write(new byte[] { 1 });
        assertTrue(cos.isInMemory());
        assertFalse(cos.done);
        cos.close();
    }