* href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PrimitivesExplained">primitive utilities</a>.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class Longs {
  private Longs() {}

  /**
   * The number of bytes required to represent a primitive {@code long} value.
   *
   * <p>Prefer {@link Long#BYTES} instead.
   */
  public static final int BYTES = Long.BYTES;

  /**

  @BeforeExperiment
  void setUp() {
    for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++) {
      longs[i] = random();
      divisors[i] = randomDivisor(longs[i]);
      decimalStrings[i] = UnsignedLongs.toString(longs[i]);
      binaryStrings[i] = UnsignedLongs.toString(longs[i], 2);
      hexStrings[i] = UnsignedLongs.toString(longs[i], 16);
      prefixedHexStrings[i] = "0x" + hexStrings[i];
    }
  }

  @Benchmark

  // Java 2nd Edition Item 76: Write readObject methods defensively.
  private transient AtomicLongArray longs;

  /**
   * Creates a new {@code AtomicDoubleArray} of the given length, with all elements initially zero.
   *
   * @param length the length of the array
   */
  public AtomicDoubleArray(int length) {
    this.longs = new AtomicLongArray(length);
  }

  /**

            ListTestSuiteBuilder.using(new LongsAsListTailSubListGenerator())
                .named("Longs.asList, tail subList"),
            ListTestSuiteBuilder.using(new LongsAsListMiddleSubListGenerator())
                .named("Longs.asList, middle subList"));

    TestSuite suite = new TestSuite();
    for (ListTestSuiteBuilder<Long> builder : builders) {
      suite.addTest(
          builder

  @BeforeExperiment
  void setUp() {
    for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++) {
      longs[i] = random();
      divisors[i] = randomDivisor(longs[i]);
      decimalStrings[i] = UnsignedLongs.toString(longs[i]);
      binaryStrings[i] = UnsignedLongs.toString(longs[i], 2);
      hexStrings[i] = UnsignedLongs.toString(longs[i], 16);
      prefixedHexStrings[i] = "0x" + hexStrings[i];
    }
  }

  @Benchmark

            ListTestSuiteBuilder.using(new LongsAsListTailSubListGenerator())
                .named("Longs.asList, tail subList"),
            ListTestSuiteBuilder.using(new LongsAsListMiddleSubListGenerator())
                .named("Longs.asList, middle subList"));

    TestSuite suite = new TestSuite();
    for (ListTestSuiteBuilder<Long> builder : builders) {
      suite.addTest(
          builder

  public static final long MAX_VALUE = -1L; // Equivalent to 2^64 - 1

  /**
   * A (self-inverse) bijection which converts the ordering on unsigned longs to the ordering on
   * longs, that is, {@code a <= b} as unsigned longs if and only if {@code flip(a) <= flip(b)} as
   * signed longs.
   */
  private static long flip(long a) {
    return a ^ Long.MIN_VALUE;
  }

  /**

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes;

import com.google.common.primitives.Chars;
import com.google.common.primitives.Ints;
import com.google.common.primitives.Longs;
import com.google.common.primitives.Shorts;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**

   * @since 23.0
   */
  public static ContiguousSet<Long> closed(long lower, long upper) {
    return create(Range.closed(lower, upper), DiscreteDomain.longs());
  }

  /**
   * Returns a contiguous set containing all {@code int} values from {@code lower} (inclusive) to
   * {@code upper} (exclusive). If the endpoints are equal, an empty set is returned. (These are the

      }
      return true;
    }

    private /* static */ long lowerEight(byte[] bytes) {
      return Longs.fromBytes(
          bytes[7], bytes[6], bytes[5], bytes[4], bytes[3], bytes[2], bytes[1], bytes[0]);
    }

    private /* static */ long upperEight(byte[] bytes) {
      return Longs.fromBytes(
          bytes[15], bytes[14], bytes[13], bytes[12], bytes[11], bytes[10], bytes[9], bytes[8]);
    }
  };