* href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PrimitivesExplained">primitive utilities</a>.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class Chars {
  private Chars() {}

  /**
   * The number of bytes required to represent a primitive {@code char} value.
   *
   * <p>Prefer {@link Character#BYTES} instead.
   */

 * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PrimitivesExplained">primitive utilities</a>.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class Chars {
  private Chars() {}

  /**
   * The number of bytes required to represent a primitive {@code char} value.
   *
   * <p>Prefer {@link Character#BYTES} instead.
   */

        }
      }
      return chars.subSequence(0, l + 1);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean canDecode(CharSequence chars) {
      checkNotNull(chars);
      chars = trimTrailingPadding(chars);
      if (!alphabet.isValidPaddingStartPosition(chars.length())) {
        return false;
      }
      for (int i = 0; i < chars.length(); i++) {
        if (!alphabet.canDecode(chars.charAt(i))) {
          return false;

     */
    private byte[] encodeUnicode(String s) {
        char[] chars = s.toCharArray();
        byte[] out = new byte[chars.length * 2];
        for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
            out[2 * i] = (byte) (chars[i] & 0xFF);
            out[2 * i + 1] = (byte) ((chars[i] >> 8) & 0xFF);
        }
        return out;
    }

    /**

        if (text == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final char[] chars = new char[text.length()];
        for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
            final char c = text.charAt(i);
            if (c >= 'ａ' && c <= 'ｚ') {
                chars[i] = (char) (c - 'ａ' + 'a');
            } else if (c >= 'Ａ' && c <= 'Ｚ') {
                chars[i] = (char) (c - 'Ａ' + 'A');
            } else if (c >= '０' && c <= '９') {

    assertThat(Chars.contains(ARRAY234, (char) 2)).isTrue();
    assertThat(Chars.contains(ARRAY234, (char) 3)).isTrue();
    assertThat(Chars.contains(ARRAY234, (char) 4)).isTrue();
  }

  public void testIndexOf() {
    assertThat(Chars.indexOf(EMPTY, (char) 1)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Chars.indexOf(ARRAY1, (char) 2)).isEqualTo(-1);
    assertThat(Chars.indexOf(ARRAY234, (char) 1)).isEqualTo(-1);

    public List<Character> create(Character[] elements) {
      char[] chars = Chars.toArray(asList(elements));
      return charactersOf(String.copyValueOf(chars));
    }
  }

  public static class CharactersOfCharSequenceGenerator extends TestCharacterListGenerator {
    @Override
    public List<Character> create(Character[] elements) {
      char[] chars = Chars.toArray(asList(elements));
      StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder();

        String result = Hexdump.toHexString(data);
        assertEquals(2048, result.length()); // 1024 bytes * 2 chars

        // Test partial conversion
        String partial = Hexdump.toHexString(data, 512, 256);
        assertEquals(512, partial.length()); // 256 bytes * 2 chars
        assertTrue(partial.startsWith("00010203")); // 512 % 256 = 0, so starts at 0
    }

   *
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static String toLowerCase(CharSequence chars) {
    if (chars instanceof String) {
      return toLowerCase((String) chars);
    }
    char[] newChars = new char[chars.length()];
    for (int i = 0; i < newChars.length; i++) {
      newChars[i] = toLowerCase(chars.charAt(i));
    }
    return String.valueOf(newChars);
  }

  /**

      @Override
      public Hasher putUnencodedChars(CharSequence chars) {
        for (Hasher hasher : hashers) {
          hasher.putUnencodedChars(chars);
        }
        return this;
      }

      @Override
      public Hasher putString(CharSequence chars, Charset charset) {
        for (Hasher hasher : hashers) {
          hasher.putString(chars, charset);
        }
        return this;
      }